When it comes to cancer prevention, Americans are leaving one of the most effective tools on the shelf: the HPV vaccine. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world, and it is responsible for tens of thousands of cancer cases in the United States every year. Despite its reach and the fact that vaccination can prevent most HPV-related cancers, sobering new research shows that a third of Americans don’t even know the virus exists.The study, conducted by researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina and published in JAMA Oncology, analyzed nationally representative data and revealed a startling gap in awareness. Many who had heard of HPV still did not know that it causes more than cervical cancer, with oral, penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers also linked to high-risk strains. The consequences of this knowledge gap are visible in the uneven vaccination rates across the country and in the regions where HPV-related cancers are taking the harshest toll.HPV isn’t a single virus but a family of more than 200 strains. Some types are harmless and cause only skin warts. Others are high-risk strains that can linger in the body, altering normal cells and eventually pushing them toward malignancy.HPV causes virtually all cervical cancers, but its reach is broader. The virus is now recognized as the leading cause of oropharyngeal cancers (cancers of the throat, tonsils, and tongue base), which disproportionately affect men. It also contributes to penile, anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. In total, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that HPV is responsible for about 40,000 cancer cases annually in the United States.This makes HPV one of the few cancers we know how to largely prevent. Vaccines currently available can block up to nine of the most dangerous strains, including HPV 16 and 18, which account for more than 70 percent of cervical cancers.Is Ignorance Fueling Cancer?Despite the science, Americans remain largely in the dark. The new study found that 34 percent of adults had never heard of HPV, and 37 percent did not know a vaccine existed. Even among those who had some awareness, misconceptions were common: 71 percent did not realize HPV causes oral cancer, and nearly one-third did not know it causes cervical cancer.The regional disparities were even sharper. States in the Midwest and South—including Kansas, Nebraska, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama—had the highest levels of HPV ignorance. These same states also report the lowest vaccination rates and some of the highest burdens of HPV-related cancers. According to the study’s lead author, public health researcher Ashvita Garg, “Some of these states have the lowest HPV vaccine coverage in the nation, which could be a reason why we are observing these differences.”Why HPV Vaccination Rates Are Lagging?Despite decades of evidence proving its safety and effectiveness, HPV vaccination coverage in the U.S. remains far below public health goals. In 2023, only about 57 percent of American teenagers had received the vaccine as recommended. The target goal, set by health officials, is 80 percent by 2030.There are several reasons for this lag. Inconsistent public health messaging, regional cultural attitudes, and vaccine hesitancy all play roles. Misinformation has been particularly damaging. High-profile figures have spread false claims about the vaccine’s risks, undermining trust. Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the current U.S. health secretary, has gone so far as to call the HPV vaccine “the most dangerous vaccine ever invented,” despite overwhelming scientific evidence to the contrary.This climate of skepticism not only discourages parents from vaccinating their children but also weakens the sense of urgency around HPV as a cancer prevention tool.What Can US Learn From Denmark’s Success Story?The gap in U.S. vaccination rates becomes even clearer when compared with other countries. Denmark, for example, launched a nationwide HPV vaccination program in 2008 and now offers the vaccine free of charge to adolescents. Recent research published in Eurosurveillance shows that the prevalence of the most dangerous HPV strains (16 and 18) has dropped to less than 1 percent among vaccinated women, compared with nearly 20 percent before vaccination was introduced.Danish women immunized as adolescents are now expected to face a dramatically reduced risk of cervical cancer. Researchers even predict that future generations may need less intensive cancer screening, thanks to population-level immunity. This stands in stark contrast to the U.S., where vaccination rates are patchy and HPV-related cancers remain stubbornly common.Why Oral Cancer Is the Overlooked Threat?One of the study’s most concerning findings was how few Americans knew about the connection between HPV and oral cancer. Awareness that HPV causes cervical cancer was relatively high, but awareness of its role in throat and mouth cancers was far lower.This matters because HPV-related oral cancers are now more common in men than cervical cancer is in women. These cancers are often diagnosed late, making treatment more complex and survival rates lower. The lack of awareness may contribute to delays in vaccination for boys, since many still see the HPV shot as something primarily for girls.As Garg explained, “The gap between awareness that HPV causes oral cancer was notably larger compared to the awareness that HPV causes cervical cancer, highlighting the undervaluation of the importance of HPV vaccination in males.”What Needs to Change?Experts argue that improving HPV awareness will require a multifaceted approach. Public education campaigns, stronger provider-patient communication, and school-based outreach programs are all strategies that could help. Local initiatives, such as the HPV Vaccination Van in South Carolina, are already working to close the gap by bringing vaccines directly to communities.But large-scale progress will also depend on rebuilding public trust. Clear messaging that frames HPV vaccination as cancer prevention, rather than just an STI measure, could make a difference. Emphasizing its role in protecting both boys and girls is equally critical.Preventable Cancer Shouldn’t Be Killing PeopleHPV is not just another virus, it is the leading cause of several devastating cancers. And unlike many other cancers, this is one we can prevent with a simple vaccine. Yet misinformation, lack of awareness, and uneven access continue to hold the U.S. back.Countries like Denmark are proving what’s possible: with widespread vaccination, HPV-related cancers can be nearly eliminated within a generation. The question now is whether the U.S. is willing to take the steps needed to follow suit or whether preventable cancers will continue to claim tens of thousands of lives each year.