Kerala Reports New Nipah Virus Case As Woman Tests Positive; Know Fatal Symptoms Of This Zoonotic Infection?

A 42-year-old woman in Malappuram, Kerala, was admitted to a private hospital with severe symptoms resembling encephalitis. Just days later, her worst fears were confirmed — she had contracted the Nipah virus. On Thursday, the National Institute of Virology (NIV) in Pune officially verified the infection, thrusting Kerala once again into the national spotlight as it battles another outbreak of this deadly zoonotic disease.As Health Minister Veena George heads to Malappuram to monitor the containment strategies, public health concerns are intensifying, especially given the virus’s history in the state and the high fatality rate associated with it. Here’s everything you need to know about the Nipah virus, how it spreads, and why it’s resurfacing now.Kerala is no stranger to the Nipah virus. Since 2018, the state has witnessed five outbreaks, leading to 22 confirmed deaths. The first outbreak in 2018 was particularly catastrophic — 17 of the 18 infected individuals died, leaving public health systems scrambling for solutions. Further cases occurred in 2019, 2021, and 2023, most commonly between May and September, the region’s monsoon season, which is also marked by a surge in respiratory infections and influenza-like illnesses.These seasonal overlaps make early diagnosis challenging, as Nipah symptoms often mimic more common illnesses. In 2023 alone, Malappuram reported two deaths linked to the virus. Of all the confirmed infections since 2018, only six individuals have survived, underscoring the virus’s high mortality rate and the need for rapid medical intervention.How the Virus Is Contracted?Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen, meaning it spreads from animals to humans. Scientific investigations from previous outbreaks, including a joint field survey by the National Institute of Virology (NIV) and the National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), found a clear link between fruit bats (commonly known as flying foxes) and human infections.The virus strain detected in Kerala is closely related to the Bangladeshi strain, notorious for its person-to-person transmission and high mortality, estimated by experts to be up to 90% in some cases. In the 2023 outbreak, antibodies were found in fruit bats from Pandikkad village, strongly pointing to them as the source of the infection.The consumption of contaminated fruits or exposure to bat saliva and urine on fruits is believed to be one of the primary routes of transmission in initial cases.What is Nipah Virus? First identified in Malaysia in 1998, Nipah virus gets its name from the village of Sungai Nipah, where the initial outbreak occurred. The virus belongs to the Henipavirus genus and has since been recognized as one of the world’s most dangerous pathogens due to its pandemic potential and high case fatality rate — estimated to range between 40% and 75%, depending on the outbreak response and healthcare access.Early symptoms are often non-specific and include:HeadacheMuscle painVomitingSore throatAs the disease progresses, some patients experience acute respiratory distress, neurological complications like encephalitis, seizures, and altered mental states, which may rapidly lead to coma or death.Is the Virus Contagious and Airborne?Yes, Nipah virus is both contagious and airborne. It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets, bodily fluids such as saliva, urine, feces, and blood, and via direct contact with infected individuals or animals.Healthcare providers and family members caring for infected patients are particularly at risk. This is why strict infection control measures, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and isolation protocols, are crucial to preventing person-to-person spread. Why Prevention Is Critical?Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or licensed vaccine available for Nipah virus. Medical care is supportive and symptomatic, focusing on:Hydration and restMedications for fever and pain (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen)Treatment for nausea, seizures, and respiratory distressUse of inhalers or nebulizers in case of breathing difficultiesExperimental therapies, such as monoclonal antibody treatments, are under research but not yet widely accessible. Given the lack of curative options, early detection and containment remain the most effective ways to manage an outbreak.Containment Measures Followed in KeralaSince the first outbreak, Kerala’s public health system has developed a robust protocol to respond to Nipah cases. Isolation wards, contact tracing, and real-time epidemiological surveillance are quickly deployed. The state has also worked closely with central agencies like NIV and WHO to bolster its diagnostic and response capabilities.With this latest case in Malappuram, authorities are already mobilizing rapid response teams to trace contacts, disinfect the patient’s surroundings, and educate the public about symptoms and preventive measures.Although most outbreaks have been localized to South and Southeast Asia, Nipah virus is considered a global threat. The World Health Organization (WHO) includes it on the list of priority diseases for research and development, due to its potential to cause widespread epidemics and the lack of available countermeasures.The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also closely monitors Nipah virus, emphasizing the importance of global health surveillance systems. As climate change, deforestation, and wildlife trade continue to increase human-animal interactions, the risk of zoonotic spillovers like Nipah is on the rise.The emergence of a new Nipah case in Kerala is a critical reminder of the interconnectedness of human and animal health. While the virus is not currently spreading globally, the high fatality rate, airborne nature, and lack of treatment options make it essential to remain vigilant.For residents in affected areas and globally the best approach is a combination of early reporting, awareness about transmission, and adherence to public health guidelines.

Kerala Reports New Nipah Virus Case As Woman Tests Positive; Know Fatal Symptoms Of This Zoonotic Infection?

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