Ishita Roy

Psychology Behind Sigmund Freud's Room: How Does It Help Patients Even Today?

Psychology Behind Freud's Room

Have you noticed how whether it is in the movies, stock images or even in real life, a <span>therapist</span>'s office looks similar? They may have different approaches, but the way the space is designed have similarities. 

Talking about therapy and <span>psychology</span>, one cannot miss <span>Sigmund Freud</span> and his contributions. For <span>Freud</span>, a space matters and plays an important role in opening up. The human is like a house, it is an exterior and the mind is the interior, like the rooms of the house. 

Practising in Vienna, Freud was gifted a couch by a patient Madame Benvenisti upon which Freud added a richly detailed Qashqa'i carpet. He took that with him when he moved to London and kept in the London house to this day. 

<h5>What Is The Psychology Behind That Chair?</h5>

With the carpet placed on top, it gives a non-medical bed look to lie on. Further, the addition of embroidered cushions gives it a rather beautiful and artsy look. 

The chair is reclined, and Freud's chair is placed behind, from where the patient cannot see him. This was done purposefully. Eye contact is not conducive to free association, the goal is to let the patient be comfortable enough to start talking loosely. 

<h5>What Makes It Similar To Other Therapist Offices?</h5>

The way this office is designed laid down the foundation for psychological practices to come in the future. Chairs reclined, ensuring the patient's comfort by creating a familiar environment without having to meet the therapist's eyes. 

It creates a comfortable and relaxed environment for the patient and soft lighting works great with creating a calming environment. 

While the structure of the office remained similar, additions like fire extinguishers, first aid kits are also found in the office in case of an emergency. Like Freud's carpet on the couch and on the floor, offices too have non-slip flooring. 

Thus a space that is personalised to the therapist's style and needs of their clients can help build a rapport with the patient and put them on ease.

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mental health

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Have you noticed how whether it is in the movies, stock images or even in real life, a therapist's office looks similar? They may have different approaches, but the way the space is designed have similarities. Talking about therapy and psychology, one cannot miss Sigmund Freud and his contributions. For Freud, a space matters and plays an important role in opening up. The human is like a house, it is an exterior and the mind is the interior, like the rooms of the house. Practising in Vienna, Freud was gifted a couch by a patient Madame Benvenisti upon which Freud added a richly detailed Qashqa'i carpet. He took that with him when he moved to London and kept in the London house to this day. What Is The Psychology Behind That Chair?With the carpet placed on top, it gives a non-medical bed look to lie on. Further, the addition of embroidered cushions gives it a rather beautiful and artsy look. The chair is reclined, and Freud's chair is placed behind, from where the patient cannot see him. This was done purposefully. Eye contact is not conducive to free association, the goal is to let the patient be comfortable enough to start talking loosely. What Makes It Similar To Other Therapist Offices?The way this office is designed laid down the foundation for psychological practices to come in the future. Chairs reclined, ensuring the patient's comfort by creating a familiar environment without having to meet the therapist's eyes. What Does This Do?It creates a comfortable and relaxed environment for the patient and soft lighting works great with creating a calming environment. While the structure of the office remained similar, additions like fire extinguishers, first aid kits are also found in the office in case of an emergency. Like Freud's carpet on the couch and on the floor, offices too have non-slip flooring. Thus a space that is personalised to the therapist's style and needs of their clients can help build a rapport with the patient and put them on ease.

the psychology behind sigmund freud's room: how does it help the patients even today?

Health and Me

Supriya Ramesh

Lactic Acid in Goat Milk: The Gentle Skin Smoother That Works — But Is It All Hype?

Credits: Canva

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Historically, people have been slathering its <span>goat milk</span> goodness on their skin thanks to its rich fats and skin-loving nutrients. <span>Lactic acid</span> is a naturally occurring alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) found in goat milk. It works by breaking the “glue” between dead skin cells, letting them slide off more easily to reveal fresher, smoother skin underneath. 

Dead skin cells can more easily slide off to reveal the smoother, lighter skin underneath when lactic acid breaks down the bonds holding them together. In higher concentrations (like the 5–12% found in targeted skincare products), lactic acid boosts radiance, hydrates, and softens <span>fine lines</span>. In goat milk, however, the concentration is lower, which means it’s milder but slower to deliver visible results.

“As goat milk contains less lactic acid than pure lactic acid, it is weaker but still works,” says Dr. Sooriya. “This reduces the possibility of irritation brought on by higher AHAs, making it good for people with dry skin.”

This gentleness is exactly why it’s a safe choice for <span>sensitive skin</span>. 

Dr. Katheeja Nasika points out that the fatty acids, <span>antioxidants</span>, and bioactive proteins in goat milk help maintain the <span>skin barrier</span> and suppress inflammation, a bonus you don’t always get from stronger chemical exfoliants.

Here’s where the bubble bursts for anyone hoping for overnight miracles. Goat milk won’t banish deep wrinkles, stubborn pigmentation, or cystic acne. It’s not meant to.

“You should not rely solely on goat milk to remove large pimples, wrinkles, or dark spots,” advises Dr. Sooriya. “Add active ingredients like vitamin C or niacinamide, in moderation, to help in the process.”

Similarly, Dr. Nasika emphasises that while goat milk can enhance <span>hydration</span> and texture, the lactic acid content is low and variable, making results subtle and unpredictable. In other words, it’s more of a maintenance player than a star striker in your skincare squad.

If your skincare goals are about <span>gentle exfoliation</span>, daily nourishment, and barrier support, goat milk ticks the boxes. Used in soaps, cleansers, and lotions, it:

<ul><li>Softly removes minor discolourations</li><li>Hydrates the skin with its blend of vitamins A and D</li><li>Supports cell turnover without triggering redness</li><li>Adds a touch of radiance over time</li><li>Goat milk is also especially handy for those who can’t tolerate stronger AHAs but still want some exfoliation in their routine.</li></ul>

<h3>Gentle, Yes. Overhyped? Not Exactly.</h3>

Calling goat milk “overhyped” depends on what hype you have been sold. If you have been promised a miracle in a bar of soap, that’s overselling it. But if you understand it as a slow, steady, and skin-friendly option, it’s a quiet achiever.

“It might not work miracles, but it’s a good way to clean your skin without harming it and gain extra nutrients at the same time,” says Dr. Sooriya.

Dr. Nasika agrees, noting that it’s particularly suited for sensitive skin as a maintenance therapy, just don’t expect it to replace higher-strength exfoliants when dealing with pigmentation or fine lines.

<ul><li>Good for: Sensitive skin, dry skin, gentle daily exfoliation, hydration</li><li>Not so good for: Deep pigmentation, pronounced wrinkles, active acne</li><li>Best used as: A daily cleanser or lotion, paired with other active ingredients (used carefully) for bigger skincare goals</li></ul>

goat milk

lactic acid

gentle exfoliation

sensitive skin

hydration

skincare routine

antioxidants

skin barrier

fine lines

Skin & Hair

Historically, people have been slathering its goat milk goodness on their skin thanks to its rich fats and skin-loving nutrients. Lactic acid is a naturally occurring alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) found in goat milk. It works by breaking the “glue” between dead skin cells, letting them slide off more easily to reveal fresher, smoother skin underneath. Dead skin cells can more easily slide off to reveal the smoother, lighter skin underneath when lactic acid breaks down the bonds holding them together. In higher concentrations (like the 5–12% found in targeted skincare products), lactic acid boosts radiance, hydrates, and softens fine lines. In goat milk, however, the concentration is lower, which means it’s milder but slower to deliver visible results.The Gentle but Patient Approach“As goat milk contains less lactic acid than pure lactic acid, it is weaker but still works,” says Dr. Sooriya. “This reduces the possibility of irritation brought on by higher AHAs, making it good for people with dry skin.”This gentleness is exactly why it’s a safe choice for sensitive skin. Dr. Katheeja Nasika points out that the fatty acids, antioxidants, and bioactive proteins in goat milk help maintain the skin barrier and suppress inflammation, a bonus you don’t always get from stronger chemical exfoliants.Manage Your ExpectationsHere’s where the bubble bursts for anyone hoping for overnight miracles. Goat milk won’t banish deep wrinkles, stubborn pigmentation, or cystic acne. It’s not meant to.“You should not rely solely on goat milk to remove large pimples, wrinkles, or dark spots,” advises Dr. Sooriya. “Add active ingredients like vitamin C or niacinamide, in moderation, to help in the process.”Similarly, Dr. Nasika emphasises that while goat milk can enhance hydration and texture, the lactic acid content is low and variable, making results subtle and unpredictable. In other words, it’s more of a maintenance player than a star striker in your skincare squad.Where Goat Milk ShinesIf your skincare goals are about gentle exfoliation, daily nourishment, and barrier support, goat milk ticks the boxes. Used in soaps, cleansers, and lotions, it:Softly removes minor discolourationsHydrates the skin with its blend of vitamins A and DSupports cell turnover without triggering rednessAdds a touch of radiance over timeGoat milk is also especially handy for those who can’t tolerate stronger AHAs but still want some exfoliation in their routine.Gentle, Yes. Overhyped? Not Exactly.Calling goat milk “overhyped” depends on what hype you have been sold. If you have been promised a miracle in a bar of soap, that’s overselling it. But if you understand it as a slow, steady, and skin-friendly option, it’s a quiet achiever.“It might not work miracles, but it’s a good way to clean your skin without harming it and gain extra nutrients at the same time,” says Dr. Sooriya.Dr. Nasika agrees, noting that it’s particularly suited for sensitive skin as a maintenance therapy, just don’t expect it to replace higher-strength exfoliants when dealing with pigmentation or fine lines.Good for: Sensitive skin, dry skin, gentle daily exfoliation, hydrationNot so good for: Deep pigmentation, pronounced wrinkles, active acneBest used as: A daily cleanser or lotion, paired with other active ingredients (used carefully) for bigger skincare goals

lactic acid in goat milk: the gentle skin smoother that works — but is it all hype?

Tanya Dutt

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Waking up during the middle of the night to pee occasionally is okay but when it is a nightly routine, it makes you wonder if it is just age, too much tea at night… or something more severe like prostate cancer.

You’re not alone in asking this question. For many men, frequent <span>nighttime urination</span> especially as they get older raises concerns about <span>prostate health</span>. The truth is, while it can be a symptom of prostate cancer, it’s far more often linked to other, non-cancerous conditions. The challenge is figuring out which is which, and when it’s worth getting checked.

The prostate is a walnut-sized organ sitting below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Its primary function is to make fluid that feeds and protects sperm. As men get older, it's common for the prostate to swell a condition referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although BPH isn't cancer, it may produce urinary symptoms by compressing on the urethra and making it more difficult to completely empty the bladder.

Dr. Amit, Senior Consultant Urologist, Andrologist &amp; Transplant Surgeon, says, "The prostate is a tiny gland that makes a big difference in urinary function. Because it changes with age, symptoms such as <span>nocturia</span> bedtime trips to the bathroom—may develop, but they don't necessarily imply cancer."

<h2>What Counts as “Frequent” Nighttime Urination?</h2>

There is no one-size-fits-all rule for how often a night it is "normal" to have to urinate, as it is different for each individual. The majority of men urinate as many as two times during the night without it being a medical issue. During their 60s and 70s, men may need to urinate more often.

If you’re waking up every hour or two, and it’s not related to drinking more fluids, medications like diuretics, or lifestyle habits, it’s worth discussing with a doctor—especially if the change has been sudden or persistent.

<h2>When Frequent Urination Might Signal Something More</h2>

Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in males globally. It typically grows in silence, with minimal or no symptoms in its early stages. This is why regular screening becomes essential. In others, urinary alterations might be the initial perceptible sign—particularly when the cancer is more developed. These signs can range from:

<ul><li>Struggling to begin urination</li><li>Weak or interrupted stream of urine</li><li>Sensation of incomplete emptying of the bladder</li><li>Blood in urine or semen</li><li>Painful urination or ejaculation</li><li>New pain in the back, hips, or pelvis</li></ul>

The above symptoms may be due to causes other than cancer, but should not be neglected. "Recurring urinary changes—particularly when mixed with blood in the urine, unexplained pain, or a family history of prostate cancer—deserve prompt medical attention," writes Dr. Amit.

<h2>Other Typical Reasons for Nocturnal Urination</h2>

It is worth noting that frequent urination, particularly at night, has numerous potential reasons, such as:

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): An enlarged prostate compressing the urethra

Overactive bladder: A bladder that is contracting too frequently, even when it is not full

Urinary tract infections: May irritate the bladder and lead to urgency

Medical conditions: Diabetes, heart disease, or kidney disease may affect fluid balance

Lifestyle factors: Consuming alcohol or caffeine in the late evening, or large evening fluid consumption

Medications: particularly diuretics for hypertension or heart disease

Identifying the cause is the first step to effective treatment.

<h2>How Doctors Diagnose the Cause of Prostate Cancer?</h2>

If you’re experiencing frequent urination—day or night—your doctor will take a detailed history and may recommend:

<ul><li>Physical examination (including a digital rectal exam to check the prostate)</li><li>Urine tests to rule out infection or blood</li><li>Blood tests, especially a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test to look for changes that could indicate cancer</li><li>Imaging such as ultrasound or MRI if necessary</li></ul>

Your physician will also be interested in your fluid intake, medications, and duration of the symptoms. The more specific your data, the better it is to determine the cause.

The PSA test detects the amount of prostate-specific antigen in your bloodstream. A high PSA level can indicate prostate cancer, but can also increase due to BPH, infection, or even recent sex. That's why PSA tests are interpreted along with other results, including prior PSA levels and physical exam findings.

Screening usually begins at age 50 for all men, but those who are at increased risk—men with a family history of prostate cancer, for example—are started earlier.

<h2>What Are The Treatment Options if Cancer is Found?</h2>

Treatment for prostate cancer varies depending on the cancer's stage and aggressiveness, your age, and overall health. Treatment may include:

<ul><li>Active surveillance for cancers that grow slowly and might never become a problem</li><li>Surgery, including minimally invasive robotic procedures</li><li>Radiation therapy</li><li>Hormone therapy to slow cancer's growth</li><li>Combination therapies for more advanced disease</li><li>Early detection dramatically improves cure rates.</li></ul>

Prostate cancer frequently has a high cure rate if caught early. But if untreated, it can spread to bones and other organs, making it much more difficult to treat. That's why it's essential not to ignore urinary symptoms as "just aging" without excluding more dangerous causes.

Dr. Amit asserts, "Although most instances of nocturia are caused by non-cancerous factors, it's not worth the risk. A quick consultation can provide you with clarity and peace of mind—or diagnose something early when it's most curable."

Nocturia is very common, particularly as one gets older. It's typically the result of benign conditions, yet in a few instances, it may be an initial indicator of prostate cancer. The most important thing is to pay attention to changes, monitor symptoms, and schedule regular check-ups—especially if you have risk factors.

Don't dismiss what your body is saying. Whether it's an innocent habit or a serious medical problem, you won't know for certain until you get examined. And if it proves to be prostate cancer, catching it in time may mean the difference between life and death.

<b><em><strong>Dr. Amit Saple is the Executive Director and Senior Consultant Urologist, Andrologist &amp; Transplant Surgeon at Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Vizag</strong></em></b><em> <strong>in India</strong></em>

nighttime urination

prostate cancer symptoms

nocturia

frequent urination at night

prostate health

signs of prostate cancer

urology health

mens health

cancer symptoms

Daily habits that mean cancer

Waking up during the middle of the night to pee occasionally is okay but when it is a nightly routine, it makes you wonder if it is just age, too much tea at night… or something more severe like prostate cancer.You’re not alone in asking this question. For many men, frequent nighttime urination especially as they get older raises concerns about prostate health. The truth is, while it can be a symptom of prostate cancer, it’s far more often linked to other, non-cancerous conditions. The challenge is figuring out which is which, and when it’s worth getting checked.The prostate is a walnut-sized organ sitting below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Its primary function is to make fluid that feeds and protects sperm. As men get older, it's common for the prostate to swell a condition referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although BPH isn't cancer, it may produce urinary symptoms by compressing on the urethra and making it more difficult to completely empty the bladder.Dr. Amit, Senior Consultant Urologist, Andrologist & Transplant Surgeon, says, "The prostate is a tiny gland that makes a big difference in urinary function. Because it changes with age, symptoms such as nocturia bedtime trips to the bathroom—may develop, but they don't necessarily imply cancer."What Counts as “Frequent” Nighttime Urination?There is no one-size-fits-all rule for how often a night it is "normal" to have to urinate, as it is different for each individual. The majority of men urinate as many as two times during the night without it being a medical issue. During their 60s and 70s, men may need to urinate more often.If you’re waking up every hour or two, and it’s not related to drinking more fluids, medications like diuretics, or lifestyle habits, it’s worth discussing with a doctor—especially if the change has been sudden or persistent.When Frequent Urination Might Signal Something MoreProstate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in males globally. It typically grows in silence, with minimal or no symptoms in its early stages. This is why regular screening becomes essential. In others, urinary alterations might be the initial perceptible sign—particularly when the cancer is more developed. These signs can range from:Struggling to begin urinationWeak or interrupted stream of urineSensation of incomplete emptying of the bladderBlood in urine or semenPainful urination or ejaculationNew pain in the back, hips, or pelvisThe above symptoms may be due to causes other than cancer, but should not be neglected. "Recurring urinary changes—particularly when mixed with blood in the urine, unexplained pain, or a family history of prostate cancer—deserve prompt medical attention," writes Dr. Amit.Other Typical Reasons for Nocturnal UrinationIt is worth noting that frequent urination, particularly at night, has numerous potential reasons, such as:Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): An enlarged prostate compressing the urethraOveractive bladder: A bladder that is contracting too frequently, even when it is not fullUrinary tract infections: May irritate the bladder and lead to urgencyMedical conditions: Diabetes, heart disease, or kidney disease may affect fluid balanceLifestyle factors: Consuming alcohol or caffeine in the late evening, or large evening fluid consumptionMedications: particularly diuretics for hypertension or heart diseaseIdentifying the cause is the first step to effective treatment.How Doctors Diagnose the Cause of Prostate Cancer?If you’re experiencing frequent urination—day or night—your doctor will take a detailed history and may recommend:Physical examination (including a digital rectal exam to check the prostate)Urine tests to rule out infection or bloodBlood tests, especially a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test to look for changes that could indicate cancerImaging such as ultrasound or MRI if necessaryYour physician will also be interested in your fluid intake, medications, and duration of the symptoms. The more specific your data, the better it is to determine the cause.The PSA test detects the amount of prostate-specific antigen in your bloodstream. A high PSA level can indicate prostate cancer, but can also increase due to BPH, infection, or even recent sex. That's why PSA tests are interpreted along with other results, including prior PSA levels and physical exam findings.Screening usually begins at age 50 for all men, but those who are at increased risk—men with a family history of prostate cancer, for example—are started earlier.What Are The Treatment Options if Cancer is Found?Treatment for prostate cancer varies depending on the cancer's stage and aggressiveness, your age, and overall health. Treatment may include:Active surveillance for cancers that grow slowly and might never become a problemSurgery, including minimally invasive robotic proceduresRadiation therapyHormone therapy to slow cancer's growthCombination therapies for more advanced diseaseEarly detection dramatically improves cure rates.Why Ignoring Symptoms is Risky?Prostate cancer frequently has a high cure rate if caught early. But if untreated, it can spread to bones and other organs, making it much more difficult to treat. That's why it's essential not to ignore urinary symptoms as "just aging" without excluding more dangerous causes.Dr. Amit asserts, "Although most instances of nocturia are caused by non-cancerous factors, it's not worth the risk. A quick consultation can provide you with clarity and peace of mind—or diagnose something early when it's most curable."Nocturia is very common, particularly as one gets older. It's typically the result of benign conditions, yet in a few instances, it may be an initial indicator of prostate cancer. The most important thing is to pay attention to changes, monitor symptoms, and schedule regular check-ups—especially if you have risk factors.Don't dismiss what your body is saying. Whether it's an innocent habit or a serious medical problem, you won't know for certain until you get examined. And if it proves to be prostate cancer, catching it in time may mean the difference between life and death.Dr. Amit Saple is the Executive Director and Senior Consultant Urologist, Andrologist & Transplant Surgeon at Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Vizag in India

this 'common toilet issue' that happens at night could be an early warning sign of prostate cancer

World Organ Transplant Day: From 3D Printing To Lab-Grown Organs, Transplant Breakthroughs Are Here

World Organ Donation Day 2025: Theme, History, And Importance

world organ donation day 2025: theme, history, and importance

Could Your Air Conditioning System Be Increasing The Risk Of 'Sick Building Syndrome'

could your air conditioning system be increasing the risk of 'sick building syndrome'

On <span>World Organ Transplant Day</span>, we usually hear about the urgent need for more donors, the lifesaving power of a transplant, and how one person’s decision can save up to eight lives. That is all still true and still critical but here is the twist: while the waiting lists grow, so do the technologies that might one day make them shorter or even unnecessary.

The future of organ transplantation is not just beating in donor hearts anymore; it is also whirring in lab incubators, spinning in magnetic rotors, and taking shape layer by layer on 3D bioprinters.

Despite decades of successful surgeries, the biggest roadblock in transplantation remains supply. Dr Bipin Chevale, CEO of Gleneagles Hospital Mumbai, explains, “There is still a persistent disparity between organ supply and demand. In India, thousands remain on waiting lists, and many lose their lives before a suitable organ becomes available.”

The reasons are a blend of low awareness, cultural taboos, and plain logistical hurdles. In 2023–24, nearly 50,000 Indians were waiting for organ replacement, according to the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO). Globally, the US alone has more than 100,000 patients on transplant lists, with 13 lives lost every day while waiting.

Medical science, however, has been busy building backup plans. From 3D printing body parts to developing fully <span>artificial organs</span>, scientists are inching closer to a future where “no donor” does not mean “no hope”.

<h3>The Rise of <span rel="noindex">3D Bioprinting</span></h3>

Specialised 3D bioprinters can lay down living cells in precise patterns to create tissue that looks and behaves like the real thing.

Dr Varun Mittal, Head of Kidney Transplant at Artemis Hospitals, says researchers have “made great strides in printing living tissues and complicated networks of blood vessels”, something previously thought impossible. Techniques like Co-SWIFT create branching vessels inside heart tissue, while 3D ice printing uses water and gelatine to make smooth vessel templates.

While we are not yet popping out fully functional hearts or kidneys from printers for surgical use, these technologies are already valuable for training surgeons, testing drugs, and inching toward patient-specific implants. The idea is to design an organ to match a patient’s exact size, shape, and immune profile, dramatically lowering the risk of rejection.

<h3>Artificial Organs: Machines That Act Human</h3>

If printing an organ from scratch is the long game, artificial organs are the fast-forward button. These mechanical or bioengineered devices can take over the job of a failing organ, sometimes temporarily, sometimes for months or years.

One striking example is the <span>BiVACOR artificial heart</span>. It does not beat; it spins. A magnetic rotor pumps blood continuously, acting as a bridge until a donor heart is found. Dr Mittal points out that some patients have survived for months with the device, staying mobile and alert while awaiting surgery.

Similarly, researchers are developing implantable bioartificial kidneys that could filter blood and house living kidney cells without the need for dialysis or lifelong immunosuppressants. Wearable dialysis units are also in the works, aimed at freeing patients from hours tethered to clinic machines.

Some of the boldest experiments are happening with lungs and livers, two of the trickiest organs to replace due to their complexity.

Dr Yasir Rizvi, Director of Nephrology and Kidney Transplant at Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, points to a landmark in lung research: a 3D-printed human-scale scaffold containing about 4,000 km of capillaries across 44 trillion voxels. In animal studies, it has already exchanged gases like a natural lung.

For the liver, bioprinting and bioengineering efforts aim to create functional tissue that can sustain patients until a full transplant is possible or even act as a permanent fix in the future.

We may still be a few years from printing a fully functional, transplant-ready heart, but artificial organ technology is already improving lives. <span>Pacemakers</span>, <span>cochlear implants</span>, and <span>ventricular assist devices</span>, these are all proof that machinery and biology can coexist in the human body.

<h4>Artificial organs have the potential to:</h4>

<ul><li>Reduce rejection by using a patient’s own cells</li><li>Cut waiting times dramatically</li><li>Lower long-term medical costs by reducing hospital stays</li><li>Give access to treatment in regions where donor organs are scarce</li></ul>

As Dr Chevale says, these breakthroughs are only half the story. “Their success will also depend on increasing awareness about <span>organ donation</span>, busting myths, and encouraging more people to pledge their organs.”

Of course, the march toward lab-grown and artificial organs comes with big ethical questions. Who gets them first? Will they be affordable or only for the wealthy? How do we ensure safety in devices meant to live inside fragile bodies?

Dr Rizvi believes that with “careful regulation, transparent trials and patient-centred design, these innovations can turn prototypes into standard care”. In India, collaborations between AIIMS, IITs, and bio-technical start-ups are already laying the groundwork, with the hope of producing affordable devices for both domestic and global use within a decade.

Even if the day comes when a printer can make you a brand-new kidney, organ donation will still matter. Research organs, temporary implants, and hybrid solutions will always benefit from donated tissue to validate safety and function.

The future of transplantation is no longer just a race against the clock for a donor organ, it is also a race to develop, print, and perfect replacements that can save lives anywhere, anytime. 

world organ transplant day

artificial organs

organ donation

3d bioprinting

donor shortage

lab grown organs

BiVACOR artificial heart

pacemakers

cochlear implants

ventricular assist devices

On World Organ Transplant Day, we usually hear about the urgent need for more donors, the lifesaving power of a transplant, and how one person’s decision can save up to eight lives. That is all still true and still critical but here is the twist: while the waiting lists grow, so do the technologies that might one day make them shorter or even unnecessary.The future of organ transplantation is not just beating in donor hearts anymore; it is also whirring in lab incubators, spinning in magnetic rotors, and taking shape layer by layer on 3D bioprinters.Despite decades of successful surgeries, the biggest roadblock in transplantation remains supply. Dr Bipin Chevale, CEO of Gleneagles Hospital Mumbai, explains, “There is still a persistent disparity between organ supply and demand. In India, thousands remain on waiting lists, and many lose their lives before a suitable organ becomes available.”The reasons are a blend of low awareness, cultural taboos, and plain logistical hurdles. In 2023–24, nearly 50,000 Indians were waiting for organ replacement, according to the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO). Globally, the US alone has more than 100,000 patients on transplant lists, with 13 lives lost every day while waiting.Medical science, however, has been busy building backup plans. From 3D printing body parts to developing fully artificial organs, scientists are inching closer to a future where “no donor” does not mean “no hope”.The Rise of 3D BioprintingSpecialised 3D bioprinters can lay down living cells in precise patterns to create tissue that looks and behaves like the real thing.Dr Varun Mittal, Head of Kidney Transplant at Artemis Hospitals, says researchers have “made great strides in printing living tissues and complicated networks of blood vessels”, something previously thought impossible. Techniques like Co-SWIFT create branching vessels inside heart tissue, while 3D ice printing uses water and gelatine to make smooth vessel templates.While we are not yet popping out fully functional hearts or kidneys from printers for surgical use, these technologies are already valuable for training surgeons, testing drugs, and inching toward patient-specific implants. The idea is to design an organ to match a patient’s exact size, shape, and immune profile, dramatically lowering the risk of rejection.Artificial Organs: Machines That Act HumanIf printing an organ from scratch is the long game, artificial organs are the fast-forward button. These mechanical or bioengineered devices can take over the job of a failing organ, sometimes temporarily, sometimes for months or years.One striking example is the BiVACOR artificial heart. It does not beat; it spins. A magnetic rotor pumps blood continuously, acting as a bridge until a donor heart is found. Dr Mittal points out that some patients have survived for months with the device, staying mobile and alert while awaiting surgery.Similarly, researchers are developing implantable bioartificial kidneys that could filter blood and house living kidney cells without the need for dialysis or lifelong immunosuppressants. Wearable dialysis units are also in the works, aimed at freeing patients from hours tethered to clinic machines.The Lung and Liver ChallengeSome of the boldest experiments are happening with lungs and livers, two of the trickiest organs to replace due to their complexity.Dr Yasir Rizvi, Director of Nephrology and Kidney Transplant at Dharamshila Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, points to a landmark in lung research: a 3D-printed human-scale scaffold containing about 4,000 km of capillaries across 44 trillion voxels. In animal studies, it has already exchanged gases like a natural lung.For the liver, bioprinting and bioengineering efforts aim to create functional tissue that can sustain patients until a full transplant is possible or even act as a permanent fix in the future.The Benefits Are Already HereWe may still be a few years from printing a fully functional, transplant-ready heart, but artificial organ technology is already improving lives. Pacemakers, cochlear implants, and ventricular assist devices, these are all proof that machinery and biology can coexist in the human body.Artificial organs have the potential to:Reduce rejection by using a patient’s own cellsCut waiting times dramaticallyLower long-term medical costs by reducing hospital staysGive access to treatment in regions where donor organs are scarceAs Dr Chevale says, these breakthroughs are only half the story. “Their success will also depend on increasing awareness about organ donation, busting myths, and encouraging more people to pledge their organs.”The Ethical Road AheadOf course, the march toward lab-grown and artificial organs comes with big ethical questions. Who gets them first? Will they be affordable or only for the wealthy? How do we ensure safety in devices meant to live inside fragile bodies?Dr Rizvi believes that with “careful regulation, transparent trials and patient-centred design, these innovations can turn prototypes into standard care”. In India, collaborations between AIIMS, IITs, and bio-technical start-ups are already laying the groundwork, with the hope of producing affordable devices for both domestic and global use within a decade.A Future Worth Donating ToEven if the day comes when a printer can make you a brand-new kidney, organ donation will still matter. Research organs, temporary implants, and hybrid solutions will always benefit from donated tissue to validate safety and function.The future of transplantation is no longer just a race against the clock for a donor organ, it is also a race to develop, print, and perfect replacements that can save lives anywhere, anytime. 

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