Chemotherapy is a widely used cancer treatment involving powerful medications that target and destroy cancer cells. However, these drugs can also affect healthy cells, leading to various side effects. According to the American Cancer Society, common side effects of chemotherapy include fatigue, hair loss, infection, easy bruising or bleeding, anaemia, mood changes, and cognitive difficulties often referred to as 'chemo brain.'The relationship between chemotherapy and dementia remains a subject of debate among researchers. Conflicting studies present differing perspectives on the potential link. For instance, a 2017 study examined the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in female breast cancer survivors. The researchers noted that those who underwent chemotherapy might be at an increased risk of Alzheimer’s, particularly if they experienced changes in specific brain structures. However, they also observed that women who did not receive chemotherapy also had a higher risk, suggesting that structural changes in the brain might contribute to Alzheimer’s rather than the cancer treatment itself.Conversely, a 2021 study involving 135,834 individuals aged 65 and older with colorectal cancer indicated that chemotherapy might actually reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. Further complicating the narrative, a 2022 longitudinal study found no definitive evidence linking chemotherapy to an increased risk of dementia. These varying outcomes underscore the need for more comprehensive research to better understand the connection between chemotherapy and cognitive decline.While there is no cure for dementia, several treatment strategies can help manage its symptoms. Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists are commonly prescribed to slow cognitive decline. Additionally, drugs to manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and depression can also be beneficial. Non-pharmaceutical approaches, such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, avoiding alcohol and smoking, and staying socially active, may also help mitigate symptoms and improve overall brain health.Cheotherapy Also Causes Other Neurological ConditionsBeyond the potential link to dementia, chemotherapy can cause other neurological effects. 'Chemo brain,' characterised by memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and trouble multitasking, is one of the most reported cognitive side effects. While these symptoms are typically temporary, they can persist in some individuals. Furthermore, chemotherapy can lead to neurotoxicity, which may result in limb weakness, numbness, headaches, and cognitive or behavioural issues.Given the conflicting evidence on chemotherapy’s long-term effects on the brain, further studies are essential to establish a clearer understanding of the risks. In the meantime, patients undergoing chemotherapy should discuss any cognitive concerns with their healthcare providers and explore ways to manage potential side effects effectively.