Health and Me

Ishita Roy

Japan Races To Develop World’s First Artificial Blood, Trials To Begin

Japan Races To Develop World's First Artificial Blood

It is no surprise that when anyone looks for innovation and technology, the first name that comes to their mind is of Japan. In yet another breakthrough, Japan may be too close to invent artificial blood. Last year, it was declared that Japan will begin its clinical study of artificial red blood cells that can be stored for transfusion in times of emergency. This was released by Nara Medical University. 

It is now in the process of developing artificial blood cells and aims to put these artificial cells into practical use by 2030. This would be world's first.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/amid-measles-outbreak-texas-makes-vaccine-exemption-easier-for-kids-article-151735741" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Amid Measles Outbreak, Texas Makes Vaccine Exemption Easier For Kids</a> 

Japan is battling a shrinking population, where the older population dominates the younger ones. In 2024, Japan had a record of high 36.25 million people aged 65 or older, representing 29.3% of the total population. This indicates a significantly larger proportion of elderly citizens as compared to the young population. 

This has led to a shortage of blood supply, as older people cannot donate blood. As per the Red Cross Society, donors up to 65 years of age can donate blood. While there is no upper age limit, you must be in good health to meet other eligibility criteria. 

A 1987 study published in JAMA titled Blood Donation by the Elderly: Clinical and Policy Considerations, notes that it is far more feasible for individuals within the age bracket of 66 to donate blood. Another comparative study from 2019, published in Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative (BEST) Investigators noted that while there is no exclusion for older donors, the limit is solely based on their safety.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/new-mitral-valve-replacement-device-wins-fda-approval-article-151736744" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">New Mitral Valve Replacement Device Wins FDA Approval</a> 

Another reason why this clinical study is being conducted is because white blood cells obtained form already donated blood can only be stored for less than a month at low temperatures. However, the artificial cells can be stored for two years at room temperature. As the artificial cells are also made from any blood type, they can be used without confirming a patients' blood type and could be administered even during transportation by ambulance, confirmed the researchers. 

The university also said that if no side effects are confirmed with 400ml of administration, the trial will shift to examine the treatment's efficacy and safety. 

A team led by Professor <span>Hiromi Sakai</span> of the Nara Medical University is leading this study. The approach involves extracting hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying molecule in the red blood cells from expired donor blood, and then encasing it in a protective shell to create stable, virus-free artificial red blood cells.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/menstrual-hygiene-day-2025-theme-history-and-importance-article-151736134" data-type="tilCustomLink">Menstrual Hygiene Importance </a> 

<h4>How Artificial Blood is Different From Donated Blood?</h4>

The main difference lies in the absence of blood type, which further eliminates the need for compatibility testing. This is what makes it invaluable in the case of emergency. 

Professor Teruyuki Komatsu of Chuo University is also leading the artificial oxygen carrier study. This uses albumin-encased hemoglobin to stabilize blood pressure and treat conditions like hemorrhage and stroke. For now, animal studies have shown promising results. 

The process usually starts with stem cells. This is where special cells are that can in fact develop into different types of cell in your body. This includes red blood cells, platelets, or even skin cells. 

Scientists use a specific type of cell called the haematopoietic stem cells, which can produce all types of blood cells, including the WBC, RBC, and platelets. They are then placed in a lab setting to turn these stem cells into blood cells. 

Cedric Ghevaert, who is the professor of transfusion medicine at the University of Cambridge, explained that scientists are then able to "gene edit" the stem cells to boost blood production and remove blood group markers, as reported in <em>Aljazeera</em>. 

<h4>Have Others Tried To Make Artificial Blood?</h4>

The United States military has invested $46m in developing ErythroMer, a synthetic blood substitute designed to be universally compatible and stable without refrigeration. The product is still under research. 

In 2022, a clinical trial in the UK also marked a breakthrough where laboratory-grown red blood cells were transfused into human volunteers to assess their safety standards and longevity, as reports <em>Aljazeera</em>. 

In 2013, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) estimated that producing a single unit of lab-grown blood cost over $90,000. Thanks to improvements in production techniques, that cost has now dropped to under $5,000 per unit. In contrast, hospitals in the U.S. paid an average of just $215 per unit for donated red blood cells in 2019. 

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It is no surprise that when anyone looks for innovation and technology, the first name that comes to their mind is of Japan. In yet another breakthrough, Japan may be too close to invent artificial blood. Last year, it was declared that Japan will begin its clinical study of artificial red blood cells that can be stored for transfusion in times of emergency. This was released by Nara Medical University. It is now in the process of developing artificial blood cells and aims to put these artificial cells into practical use by 2030. This would be world's first.Also Read: Amid Measles Outbreak, Texas Makes Vaccine Exemption Easier For Kids Why Is This Happening?Japan is battling a shrinking population, where the older population dominates the younger ones. In 2024, Japan had a record of high 36.25 million people aged 65 or older, representing 29.3% of the total population. This indicates a significantly larger proportion of elderly citizens as compared to the young population. This has led to a shortage of blood supply, as older people cannot donate blood. As per the Red Cross Society, donors up to 65 years of age can donate blood. While there is no upper age limit, you must be in good health to meet other eligibility criteria. A 1987 study published in JAMA titled Blood Donation by the Elderly: Clinical and Policy Considerations, notes that it is far more feasible for individuals within the age bracket of 66 to donate blood. Another comparative study from 2019, published in Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative (BEST) Investigators noted that while there is no exclusion for older donors, the limit is solely based on their safety.Also Read: New Mitral Valve Replacement Device Wins FDA Approval Another reason why this clinical study is being conducted is because white blood cells obtained form already donated blood can only be stored for less than a month at low temperatures. However, the artificial cells can be stored for two years at room temperature. As the artificial cells are also made from any blood type, they can be used without confirming a patients' blood type and could be administered even during transportation by ambulance, confirmed the researchers. The university also said that if no side effects are confirmed with 400ml of administration, the trial will shift to examine the treatment's efficacy and safety. Who Is Leading This Study?A team led by Professor Hiromi Sakai of the Nara Medical University is leading this study. The approach involves extracting hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying molecule in the red blood cells from expired donor blood, and then encasing it in a protective shell to create stable, virus-free artificial red blood cells.Also Read: Menstrual Hygiene Importance  How Artificial Blood is Different From Donated Blood?The main difference lies in the absence of blood type, which further eliminates the need for compatibility testing. This is what makes it invaluable in the case of emergency. Professor Teruyuki Komatsu of Chuo University is also leading the artificial oxygen carrier study. This uses albumin-encased hemoglobin to stabilize blood pressure and treat conditions like hemorrhage and stroke. For now, animal studies have shown promising results. How Is Artificial Blood Made?The process usually starts with stem cells. This is where special cells are that can in fact develop into different types of cell in your body. This includes red blood cells, platelets, or even skin cells. Scientists use a specific type of cell called the haematopoietic stem cells, which can produce all types of blood cells, including the WBC, RBC, and platelets. They are then placed in a lab setting to turn these stem cells into blood cells. Cedric Ghevaert, who is the professor of transfusion medicine at the University of Cambridge, explained that scientists are then able to "gene edit" the stem cells to boost blood production and remove blood group markers, as reported in Aljazeera. Have Others Tried To Make Artificial Blood?The United States military has invested $46m in developing ErythroMer, a synthetic blood substitute designed to be universally compatible and stable without refrigeration. The product is still under research. In 2022, a clinical trial in the UK also marked a breakthrough where laboratory-grown red blood cells were transfused into human volunteers to assess their safety standards and longevity, as reports Aljazeera. In 2013, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) estimated that producing a single unit of lab-grown blood cost over $90,000. Thanks to improvements in production techniques, that cost has now dropped to under $5,000 per unit. In contrast, hospitals in the U.S. paid an average of just $215 per unit for donated red blood cells in 2019. 

japan races to develop world’s first artificial blood, trials to begin

Aarushi Bhadury

CDC No Longer Recommends COVID Vaccine For Kids And Pregnant Women - What Do Experts Think?

CDC No Longer Recommends COVID Vaccine For Kids And Pregnant Women

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11-Year-Old Dies From H5N1 Bird Flu In Cambodia, Country Records 100% Fatality Rate In All Human Bird Flu Cases

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Amid Measles Outbreak, Texas Makes Vaccine Exemption Easier For Kids

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The U.S. federal government has recently removed <span>COVID-19</span> vaccines from the recommended list for healthy pregnant women and children. In an X post, the US health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., said that the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (<span>CDC</span>) no longer recommends vaccine for “healthy children and healthy pregnant women”. He explains that the official stated that this decision gets the country "one step closer" to ‘Making America Healthy Again’. 

To understand the implications of this, we spoke with experts, Dr. Shrey Srivastav, Consultant Physician at Sharda Hospital, and Dr. Arunesh Kumar, Director &amp; HOD, Pulmonology, Paras Health who clarified some common concerns people were experiencing.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/11-year-old-dies-from-h5n1-bird-flu-in-cambodia-country-records-100-fatality-rate-in-all-human-bird-flu-cases-article-151744208" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">11-Year-Old Dies From H5N1 Bird Flu In Cambodia, Country Records 100% Fatality Rate In All Human Bird Flu Cases</a> 

<h2>What This Means for Access to Vaccines </h2>

Dr. Srivastav points out that while the US may not recommend vaccines any longer, the World Health Organization (WHO), still advises vaccination for pregnant women. A few healthcare professionals have brought up their concerns regarding COVID vaccines, stating they do not think it is necessary to get COVID vaccines at the moment. 

Dr. Srivastav adds that <span>COVID vaccine</span> is more important for pregnant women with co-morbidities, whether diabetes, hypertension, immuno-compromised or with pre-existing health concerns need the vaccine. Dr. Arunesh also points out the same, encouraging people to get vaccinated for COVID in case they have any such pre-existing conditions. However, Dr Sushila Kataria, Senior Director, Internal Medicine Medanta recommends people should wait for official recommendations from the government before getting vaccinated.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/female-cancer-crisis-on-an-increase-climate-change-could-be-responsible-article-151744230" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Female Cancer Crisis On An Increase, Climate Change Could Be Responsible</a> 

RFK Jr. explained that the previous administration had pushed for more COVID shots for healthy children without enough clear data to support repeated booster shots for kids. This decision was made alongside other health officials. Food and Drug Administration Commissioner (FDA) Dr. Martin Makary and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, who called it "common sense" and "good science," noted that there's no evidence that healthy children currently need the vaccine. 

Dr. Srivastav points out that there are many reviews and studies that say otherwise. “In my views many people still have doubts about COVID-19 vaccines for children. However, large studies published in PubMed and other indexed journals have shown that mRNA vaccines are safe and work well for kids aged 5 to 11.” 

He continues to explain that for children aged 6 months to 4 years who have weakened immune systems, it's important that all their COVID-19 vaccine shots come from the same company, following the CDC's advice. This particular study was published in 2023 JAMA network, Dr. Srivastav explains the study, “10 million vaccinated children found fewer COVID infections, fewer symptoms, fewer hospital stays, and fewer cases of MIS-C. Mild side effects like sore arms and fever were common, but serious problems like heart inflammation were very rare.” 

<h2>Is There Enough Evidence Supporting Vaccines? </h2>

“Yes, extensive research and monitoring have shown that COVID vaccines are safe for both healthy children and pregnant women.” Dr Arunesh explains that vaccines act as an extra protective shield, “In pregnancy, vaccination helps prevent severe illness and can also pass protective antibodies to the baby. For children, the side effects are typically mild and short-lived, such as arm soreness or fatigue.” 

Before this change, the government had been recommending COVID-19 vaccines for almost everyone, including children and pregnant people. According to the Mayo Clinic even though children usually don't get very sick from COVID, some, especially very young ones, can. They also expressed how pregnancy increases the risk of severe COVID-19. 

Dr. Srivastav added that research backs the safety and effectiveness of vaccines for pregnant women. “Research shows that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective for pregnant women. A large review of over 600,000 pregnant women found that getting vaccinated did not increase the risk of miscarriage, early birth, or stillbirth. In fact, vaccinated pregnant women were less likely to get COVID-19 or need hospital care because of it.” 

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The U.S. federal government has recently removed COVID-19 vaccines from the recommended list for healthy pregnant women and children. In an X post, the US health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., said that the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) no longer recommends vaccine for “healthy children and healthy pregnant women”. He explains that the official stated that this decision gets the country "one step closer" to ‘Making America Healthy Again’. To understand the implications of this, we spoke with experts, Dr. Shrey Srivastav, Consultant Physician at Sharda Hospital, and Dr. Arunesh Kumar, Director & HOD, Pulmonology, Paras Health who clarified some common concerns people were experiencing.Also Read: 11-Year-Old Dies From H5N1 Bird Flu In Cambodia, Country Records 100% Fatality Rate In All Human Bird Flu Cases What This Means for Access to Vaccines Dr. Srivastav points out that while the US may not recommend vaccines any longer, the World Health Organization (WHO), still advises vaccination for pregnant women. A few healthcare professionals have brought up their concerns regarding COVID vaccines, stating they do not think it is necessary to get COVID vaccines at the moment. Dr. Srivastav adds that COVID vaccine is more important for pregnant women with co-morbidities, whether diabetes, hypertension, immuno-compromised or with pre-existing health concerns need the vaccine. Dr. Arunesh also points out the same, encouraging people to get vaccinated for COVID in case they have any such pre-existing conditions. However, Dr Sushila Kataria, Senior Director, Internal Medicine Medanta recommends people should wait for official recommendations from the government before getting vaccinated.Also Read: Female Cancer Crisis On An Increase, Climate Change Could Be Responsible RFK Jr. explained that the previous administration had pushed for more COVID shots for healthy children without enough clear data to support repeated booster shots for kids. This decision was made alongside other health officials. Food and Drug Administration Commissioner (FDA) Dr. Martin Makary and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, who called it "common sense" and "good science," noted that there's no evidence that healthy children currently need the vaccine. Dr. Srivastav points out that there are many reviews and studies that say otherwise. “In my views many people still have doubts about COVID-19 vaccines for children. However, large studies published in PubMed and other indexed journals have shown that mRNA vaccines are safe and work well for kids aged 5 to 11.” He continues to explain that for children aged 6 months to 4 years who have weakened immune systems, it's important that all their COVID-19 vaccine shots come from the same company, following the CDC's advice. This particular study was published in 2023 JAMA network, Dr. Srivastav explains the study, “10 million vaccinated children found fewer COVID infections, fewer symptoms, fewer hospital stays, and fewer cases of MIS-C. Mild side effects like sore arms and fever were common, but serious problems like heart inflammation were very rare.” Is There Enough Evidence Supporting Vaccines? “Yes, extensive research and monitoring have shown that COVID vaccines are safe for both healthy children and pregnant women.” Dr Arunesh explains that vaccines act as an extra protective shield, “In pregnancy, vaccination helps prevent severe illness and can also pass protective antibodies to the baby. For children, the side effects are typically mild and short-lived, such as arm soreness or fatigue.” Before this change, the government had been recommending COVID-19 vaccines for almost everyone, including children and pregnant people. According to the Mayo Clinic even though children usually don't get very sick from COVID, some, especially very young ones, can. They also expressed how pregnancy increases the risk of severe COVID-19. Dr. Srivastav added that research backs the safety and effectiveness of vaccines for pregnant women. “Research shows that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective for pregnant women. A large review of over 600,000 pregnant women found that getting vaccinated did not increase the risk of miscarriage, early birth, or stillbirth. In fact, vaccinated pregnant women were less likely to get COVID-19 or need hospital care because of it.” 

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A 11-year-old boy from Kampong Speu province in Cambodia has died of H5N1 <span>avian influenza</span>, the country’s Health Ministry confirmed. This marks the fourth confirmed human case of bird flu in Cambodia in 2025 and all four have been fatal.

Laboratory analysis performed at the Pasteur Institute of Cambodia confirmed the virus presence in the child, who had a sudden onset of serious respiratory manifestations such as high fever, continuous cough, breathlessness, and acute respiratory distress. He was taken to a hospital but died on May 2, 2025.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/rfk-jr-announces-cdc-no-longer-recommends-covid-vaccine-for-kids-and-pregnant-women-what-do-experts-think-article-151745014" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">CDC No Longer Recommends COVID Vaccine For Kids And Pregnant Women - What Do Experts Think?</a>

The ministry's probe found that chickens and ducks in and around the child's house had been falling ill and dying in the days prior to the child's symptoms appearing, suggesting zoonotic transmission, a distressing reminder of the thin lines between human and animal well-being.

Although human illnesses of H5N1 are uncommon and not a food safety threat, this year has also witnessed an alarming increase in cases in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 10 human bird flu cases across the world in 2025 before this death in Cambodia. Five of them led to fatality. Four of those deaths have now been reported from Cambodia and all of them have been linked with direct contact with infected or dead birds.

This trend is mirroring an increasingly global reality: the rate of H5N1 spillover into humans, while remaining low, is rising. The more often it occurs, the greater the possibility of the virus evolving to be able to live in human hosts.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/female-cancer-crisis-on-an-increase-climate-change-could-be-responsible-article-151744230" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Female Cancer Crisis On An Increase, Climate Change Could Be Responsible</a>

<h2>Why the H5N1 Threat Can't Be Ignored?</h2>

Avian flu A(H5N1) is a contagious disease that primarily infects birds but has been found to be capable of crossing species. This cross-species capability keeps scientists and health authorities on their toes. The Global Virus Network just reported more than 70 cases of human infections in the U.S. alone since the wider outbreak started, with one confirmed death.

Although human-to-human transmission has not yet taken place, specialists warn that mutations, particularly in mammals, may bring us to the verge of a tipping point. Should H5N1 develop the potential for effective human transmission, the result might equal the magnitude of past pandemics.

After the child's death, Cambodia's Ministry of Health sent a team of emergency response workers to the village affected to track down the source of the infection and stop further transmission. Steps include contact tracing, health screening, dispensing of the antiviral drug Tamiflu to potentially exposed people, and public education campaigns alerting about contact with infected poultry.

In a public health alert, the ministry called on citizens who had flu-like symptoms—particularly those with recent contact with birds—to get immediate medical attention. "To delay treatment increases you to a high risk of eventual death," the warning added. 

H5N1 is not contagious among humans, and that is why every confirmed case attracts immediate global attention. The majority of infections in humans are due to direct contact with sick birds or contaminated habitats, especially via saliva, nasal discharges, feces, or blood.

Even other creatures—like milk cows—can carry the virus in milk and respiratory secretions. When those things come in contact with humans, the virus enters through inhalation of contaminated dust or droplets, eyes, nose, or mouth.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/can-drinking-alcohol-increase-your-risk-of-pancreatic-cancer-who-study-reveals-alarming-link-article-151743396" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Can Drinking Alcohol Increase Your Risk Of Pancreatic Cancer? WHO Study Reveals Alarming Link</a>

This cross-host transmission highlights the importance of adopting a One Health policy, which acknowledges the interrelatedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

<h2>Symptoms of Bird Flu In Humans To Watch For</h2>

Incubation for H5N1 in humans usually lasts for 2 to 5 days, although it may be as long as 17 days. Symptoms tend to worsen like normal flu but may quickly become severe respiratory illness. Typical symptoms are:

<ul><li>High fever</li><li>Fatigue and muscle pains</li><li>Ongoing cough</li><li>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><li>Sore throat</li><li>Conjunctivitis (pink eye)</li><li>Shortness of breath</li></ul>

While some of the U.S. cases have had less severe symptoms, around the world the virus has carried a high mortality rate, so early diagnosis and intervention are paramount.

The WHO has been warning of the pandemic threat posed by avian influenza for years. In the United States alone, over 168 million birds have been killed since 2022 to contain outbreaks of avian flu—testifying to the virus's economic and agricultural impact. But the more general concern is how close we may be to a mutation that makes possible efficient transmission from person to person.

The recent Cambodian fatality, though isolated, is just a piece in a larger mosaic. With H5N1 now emerging in an expanding array of animal hosts, including mammals such as mink, cats, and even sea mammals, the path to human adaptation may be shortening.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the general public remains at low risk, but the agency recommends heightened vigilance among farmers, poultry workers, veterinarians, and dairy handlers. Preventive steps include:

<ul><li>Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals</li><li>Using protective gear (gloves, masks, eye protection)</li><li>Practicing good hygiene—especially handwashing</li><li>Cooking poultry and eggs thoroughly (to 165°F/74°C)</li><li>Choosing pasteurized dairy products</li></ul>

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A 11-year-old boy from Kampong Speu province in Cambodia has died of H5N1 avian influenza, the country’s Health Ministry confirmed. This marks the fourth confirmed human case of bird flu in Cambodia in 2025 and all four have been fatal.Laboratory analysis performed at the Pasteur Institute of Cambodia confirmed the virus presence in the child, who had a sudden onset of serious respiratory manifestations such as high fever, continuous cough, breathlessness, and acute respiratory distress. He was taken to a hospital but died on May 2, 2025.Also Read: CDC No Longer Recommends COVID Vaccine For Kids And Pregnant Women - What Do Experts Think?The ministry's probe found that chickens and ducks in and around the child's house had been falling ill and dying in the days prior to the child's symptoms appearing, suggesting zoonotic transmission, a distressing reminder of the thin lines between human and animal well-being.Although human illnesses of H5N1 are uncommon and not a food safety threat, this year has also witnessed an alarming increase in cases in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 10 human bird flu cases across the world in 2025 before this death in Cambodia. Five of them led to fatality. Four of those deaths have now been reported from Cambodia and all of them have been linked with direct contact with infected or dead birds.This trend is mirroring an increasingly global reality: the rate of H5N1 spillover into humans, while remaining low, is rising. The more often it occurs, the greater the possibility of the virus evolving to be able to live in human hosts.Also Read: Female Cancer Crisis On An Increase, Climate Change Could Be ResponsibleWhy the H5N1 Threat Can't Be Ignored?Avian flu A(H5N1) is a contagious disease that primarily infects birds but has been found to be capable of crossing species. This cross-species capability keeps scientists and health authorities on their toes. The Global Virus Network just reported more than 70 cases of human infections in the U.S. alone since the wider outbreak started, with one confirmed death.Although human-to-human transmission has not yet taken place, specialists warn that mutations, particularly in mammals, may bring us to the verge of a tipping point. Should H5N1 develop the potential for effective human transmission, the result might equal the magnitude of past pandemics.After the child's death, Cambodia's Ministry of Health sent a team of emergency response workers to the village affected to track down the source of the infection and stop further transmission. Steps include contact tracing, health screening, dispensing of the antiviral drug Tamiflu to potentially exposed people, and public education campaigns alerting about contact with infected poultry.In a public health alert, the ministry called on citizens who had flu-like symptoms—particularly those with recent contact with birds—to get immediate medical attention. "To delay treatment increases you to a high risk of eventual death," the warning added. How Does H5N1 Infect Humans?H5N1 is not contagious among humans, and that is why every confirmed case attracts immediate global attention. The majority of infections in humans are due to direct contact with sick birds or contaminated habitats, especially via saliva, nasal discharges, feces, or blood.Even other creatures—like milk cows—can carry the virus in milk and respiratory secretions. When those things come in contact with humans, the virus enters through inhalation of contaminated dust or droplets, eyes, nose, or mouth.Also Read: Can Drinking Alcohol Increase Your Risk Of Pancreatic Cancer? WHO Study Reveals Alarming LinkThis cross-host transmission highlights the importance of adopting a One Health policy, which acknowledges the interrelatedness of human, animal, and environmental health.Symptoms of Bird Flu In Humans To Watch ForIncubation for H5N1 in humans usually lasts for 2 to 5 days, although it may be as long as 17 days. Symptoms tend to worsen like normal flu but may quickly become severe respiratory illness. Typical symptoms are:High feverFatigue and muscle painsOngoing coughNausea, vomiting, and diarrheaSore throatConjunctivitis (pink eye)Shortness of breathWhile some of the U.S. cases have had less severe symptoms, around the world the virus has carried a high mortality rate, so early diagnosis and intervention are paramount.The WHO has been warning of the pandemic threat posed by avian influenza for years. In the United States alone, over 168 million birds have been killed since 2022 to contain outbreaks of avian flu—testifying to the virus's economic and agricultural impact. But the more general concern is how close we may be to a mutation that makes possible efficient transmission from person to person.The recent Cambodian fatality, though isolated, is just a piece in a larger mosaic. With H5N1 now emerging in an expanding array of animal hosts, including mammals such as mink, cats, and even sea mammals, the path to human adaptation may be shortening.Who's Most at Risk Right Now?According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the general public remains at low risk, but the agency recommends heightened vigilance among farmers, poultry workers, veterinarians, and dairy handlers. Preventive steps include:Avoiding contact with sick or dead animalsUsing protective gear (gloves, masks, eye protection)Practicing good hygiene—especially handwashingCooking poultry and eggs thoroughly (to 165°F/74°C)Choosing pasteurized dairy products

India Records 1,010 Active Covid Cases, New Subvariants LF.7 and NB.1.8.1 Under WHO Watch

Antibody Vs Diagnostic: How To Know If You’re Taking The Right COVID-19 Test?

antibody vs diagnostic: how to know if you’re taking the right covid-19 test?

India, with the world's largest population and a frontline state in the war against <span>Covid-19</span>, is seeing a steady but significant increase in active cases. On May 27, 2025, the country had 1,010 active cases, with the majority of the cases in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. This recent upsurge coincides with the detection of two newly emerging subvariants—NB.1.8.1 and LF.7—both descendants of the Omicron lineage, raising cautious concern among public health experts and virologists.

Although numbers are still relatively low compared to previous peaks hence there is no need for panic, the appearance of new mutations and uneven booster uptake have pushed India back into the international Covid-19 spotlight. Here's what the resurgence says, what is currently known about the subvariants, and how it might affect global pandemic preparedness.

India had 257 active cases on May 19. Within about a week, the number had passed 1,000, with Kerala contributing more than 400 of them and Delhi reporting over 100 cases. Maharashtra, which includes Mumbai, Pune, and Thane, remains a Covid hotspot, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare reports.

The recent discovery of new strains, especially NB.1.8.1 in Tamil Nadu and LF.7 in Gujarat, also complicates the epidemiological scenario. The latest such confirmed case, that of a 55-year-old woman from Noida in Uttar Pradesh, is the first for that district in the current surge, underlining the slow but consistent dissemination of the virus across geographies.

<h2>What Are The <span rel="noindex">New Covid Variants</span> Currently Circulating?</h2>

The new-found sub-lineages NB.1.8.1 and LF.7 belong to the larger JN.1 Omicron lineage. Although these mutations have not yet been tagged as "Variants of Concern" by the World Health Organization (WHO), they are included in "Variants Under Monitoring"—a label for the mutations that can influence virus traits like transmissibility and potential for immune evasion.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/11-year-old-dies-from-h5n1-bird-flu-in-cambodia-country-records-100-fatality-rate-in-all-human-bird-flu-cases-article-151744208" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">11-Year-Old Dies From H5N1 Bird Flu In Cambodia, Country Records 100% Fatality Rate In All Human Bird Flu Cases</a>

Early investigations and genomic monitoring indicate that NB.1.8.1 possesses spike protein mutations like A435S, V445H, and T478I, which may make it more infectious and resistant to earlier immunity. LF.7 has also indicated capacity for partial immune evasion, while it is still premature to conclusively evaluate the clinical severity.

Dr. Arup Halder, Consultant Pulmonologist, CMRI Kolkata, provided essential insight, "As of May 2025, India is experiencing a modest but significant surge in COVID-19 cases. Though the majority of cases are still mild with low hospitalization rates, the increase is being fueled by newer sub-lineages of the JN.1 variant, namely LF.7 and NB.1.8, which are known to be highly transmissible and partially immunoevasive." 

<h2>What's Driving the Rise in Covid-19 Cases?</h2>

A number of factors are driving the increasing trend:

<strong>Declining Immunity:</strong> Naturally, immunity from past infections or vaccination weakens with time, increasing the susceptibility of populations to reinfection. Immunocompromised people and older adults are most vulnerable.

<strong>Weather and Climate:</strong> The advance arrival of monsoon in most Indian states has brought with it rising humidity and unstable temperatures—both conducive to transmission of respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

<strong>Improved Testing and Reporting: </strong>Maharashtra and Kerala states have had strong genomic surveillance infrastructure, which has helped in the early identification of new variants.

"Maharashtra's high test positivity rate is also due to its population density, international transit points, and early exposure to previous pandemic waves", Dr. Halder added.

India has so far given over 2.2 billion Covid-19 vaccine doses. Experts have, however, raised red flags over the patchy uptake of booster shots, particularly among high-risk categories like the elderly and healthcare workers. The bivalent boosters are still available, but variant-specific shots remain unavailable in India.

"Although new variant-specific vaccines are not yet ready, current bivalent boosters continue to reduce symptomatic infections by 50% and severe disease by as much as 80%," said Dr. Halder. "It is important that high-risk individuals receive a booster dose immediately, continue to mask in crowded areas, and practice basic hygiene measures."

Across the world, there is increasing concern over access to vaccines. In America, health officials recently dropped Covid-19 vaccination for healthy kids and expectant mothers from the CDC's vaccination calendar on the grounds of requiring more comprehensive clinical trials. Experts are concerned that such limitations may impact global confidence in vaccines and booster campaign momentum in nations such as India.

The WHO is monitoring seven variants under consideration, among which are NB.1.8.1 and LF.7. None have been designated as Variants of Concern, but the agency continues to assess how they're evolving using global genomic data.

NB.1.8.1, which has been found in more than 22 countries, has demonstrated a consistent rise in share across the world. This suggests a possible competitive edge over other existing circulating strains—worth watching through genomic surveillance and public health readiness.

Though the ongoing Covid-19 wave in India is mild in severity and containable with available healthcare infrastructure, it comes as a timely reminder: the pandemic does not end. The virus still mutates, and any slip in surveillance, booster coverage, or public health messaging can lead to populations being susceptible to future waves.

Delhi has already advised the hospitals to make beds available, oxygen supplies, and medicines and vaccine stockpiles. States such as Kerala are taking localized containment measures in order to trace the spread and promote testing in high-risk areas.

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India, with the world's largest population and a frontline state in the war against Covid-19, is seeing a steady but significant increase in active cases. On May 27, 2025, the country had 1,010 active cases, with the majority of the cases in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. This recent upsurge coincides with the detection of two newly emerging subvariants—NB.1.8.1 and LF.7—both descendants of the Omicron lineage, raising cautious concern among public health experts and virologists.Although numbers are still relatively low compared to previous peaks hence there is no need for panic, the appearance of new mutations and uneven booster uptake have pushed India back into the international Covid-19 spotlight. Here's what the resurgence says, what is currently known about the subvariants, and how it might affect global pandemic preparedness.Also Read: CDC No Longer Recommends COVID Vaccine For Kids And Pregnant Women - What Do Experts Think?India had 257 active cases on May 19. Within about a week, the number had passed 1,000, with Kerala contributing more than 400 of them and Delhi reporting over 100 cases. Maharashtra, which includes Mumbai, Pune, and Thane, remains a Covid hotspot, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare reports.The recent discovery of new strains, especially NB.1.8.1 in Tamil Nadu and LF.7 in Gujarat, also complicates the epidemiological scenario. The latest such confirmed case, that of a 55-year-old woman from Noida in Uttar Pradesh, is the first for that district in the current surge, underlining the slow but consistent dissemination of the virus across geographies.What Are The New Covid Variants Currently Circulating?The new-found sub-lineages NB.1.8.1 and LF.7 belong to the larger JN.1 Omicron lineage. Although these mutations have not yet been tagged as "Variants of Concern" by the World Health Organization (WHO), they are included in "Variants Under Monitoring"—a label for the mutations that can influence virus traits like transmissibility and potential for immune evasion.Also Read: 11-Year-Old Dies From H5N1 Bird Flu In Cambodia, Country Records 100% Fatality Rate In All Human Bird Flu CasesEarly investigations and genomic monitoring indicate that NB.1.8.1 possesses spike protein mutations like A435S, V445H, and T478I, which may make it more infectious and resistant to earlier immunity. LF.7 has also indicated capacity for partial immune evasion, while it is still premature to conclusively evaluate the clinical severity.Dr. Arup Halder, Consultant Pulmonologist, CMRI Kolkata, provided essential insight, "As of May 2025, India is experiencing a modest but significant surge in COVID-19 cases. Though the majority of cases are still mild with low hospitalization rates, the increase is being fueled by newer sub-lineages of the JN.1 variant, namely LF.7 and NB.1.8, which are known to be highly transmissible and partially immunoevasive." What's Driving the Rise in Covid-19 Cases?A number of factors are driving the increasing trend:Declining Immunity: Naturally, immunity from past infections or vaccination weakens with time, increasing the susceptibility of populations to reinfection. Immunocompromised people and older adults are most vulnerable.Weather and Climate: The advance arrival of monsoon in most Indian states has brought with it rising humidity and unstable temperatures—both conducive to transmission of respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2.Improved Testing and Reporting: Maharashtra and Kerala states have had strong genomic surveillance infrastructure, which has helped in the early identification of new variants."Maharashtra's high test positivity rate is also due to its population density, international transit points, and early exposure to previous pandemic waves", Dr. Halder added.Vaccination and Booster StatusIndia has so far given over 2.2 billion Covid-19 vaccine doses. Experts have, however, raised red flags over the patchy uptake of booster shots, particularly among high-risk categories like the elderly and healthcare workers. The bivalent boosters are still available, but variant-specific shots remain unavailable in India."Although new variant-specific vaccines are not yet ready, current bivalent boosters continue to reduce symptomatic infections by 50% and severe disease by as much as 80%," said Dr. Halder. "It is important that high-risk individuals receive a booster dose immediately, continue to mask in crowded areas, and practice basic hygiene measures."Across the world, there is increasing concern over access to vaccines. In America, health officials recently dropped Covid-19 vaccination for healthy kids and expectant mothers from the CDC's vaccination calendar on the grounds of requiring more comprehensive clinical trials. Experts are concerned that such limitations may impact global confidence in vaccines and booster campaign momentum in nations such as India.The WHO is monitoring seven variants under consideration, among which are NB.1.8.1 and LF.7. None have been designated as Variants of Concern, but the agency continues to assess how they're evolving using global genomic data.NB.1.8.1, which has been found in more than 22 countries, has demonstrated a consistent rise in share across the world. This suggests a possible competitive edge over other existing circulating strains—worth watching through genomic surveillance and public health readiness.Should You Be Worried?Though the ongoing Covid-19 wave in India is mild in severity and containable with available healthcare infrastructure, it comes as a timely reminder: the pandemic does not end. The virus still mutates, and any slip in surveillance, booster coverage, or public health messaging can lead to populations being susceptible to future waves.Delhi has already advised the hospitals to make beds available, oxygen supplies, and medicines and vaccine stockpiles. States such as Kerala are taking localized containment measures in order to trace the spread and promote testing in high-risk areas.

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