Health and Me

Aarushi Bhadury

The Age You Get Your First Period At Can Help Identify Long-Term Health Risks

The first period is a significant moment in the life of a young girl, however, when it happens, the age, plays a much more important role than we realize. National Health Services UK explains that periods can start as early as 8, however the average age is about 12. 

A new study showcased in the ENDO Annual Meeting 2025, Endocrine Society from Brazil has found that the age a woman gets her first period, also known as menarche, could provide important clues about her future health. The study shows that both starting your period very early or very late can lead to different health problems later in life. 

<h2>Different Risks for Different Ages </h2>

The age a woman gets her first period (menarche) and the age she reaches menopause mark the beginning and end of her reproductive life. The study looked at data from over 7,600 women in Brazil. It found a link between the timing of menarche and long-term health risks. 

Women who got their first period before age 10 were more likely to have health issues like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems. They also had a higher risk of reproductive issues like pre-eclampsia. 

Women who started their period after age 15 were less likely to be obese. However, they faced a greater risk of menstrual problems and some specific heart conditions. 

<h2>What This Means for Women's Health </h2>

According to the study's author, Flávia Rezende Tinano, these findings confirm how the timing of puberty can affect a woman's health over many years. She explains that knowing when a woman had her first period can help doctors identify those who might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This information can lead to more personalized health screenings and preventative care. 

The study is one of the largest of its kind in a developing country. It provides valuable data for populations, like those in Latin America, that have been underrepresented in past research. The researchers believe that these findings highlight the need for early health education for young girls and women. 

<h2>How Timing Reveals Health Risks For Women </h2>

A 2013 study published in the Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics journal explained that the timing of these key events can provide important clues about her long-term health. Both very early and very late timing of menarche or menopause have been linked to a higher risk of health problems. Because of this, understanding the connection between these two events could help with preventing chronic diseases. Scientific studies from various fields, including biology, nutrition, and psychology, have looked at the relationship between menarche and menopause. 

<strong>Early or Late Timing Matters:</strong> A woman's age at menarche and menopause is a key sign of her body's aging and how her ovaries are functioning. 

<strong>Health Connections: </strong>Both starting periods very early or very late are linked to different health and social risks later in life. 

While many studies have explored the link between menarche and menopause, the results have been mixed. Out of 36 studies reviewed, ten found a direct link, meaning an earlier first period was connected to an earlier menopause. Two studies found the opposite, and the rest found no connection at all. Researchers believe that many things affect the timing of these events, including: 

<ul><li>Hormones and environment</li><li>Socioeconomic status</li><li>Stress throughout life</li><li>Body size and height</li></ul>

Health Conditions A-Z

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Womens Health

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Have You Ever Felt Dizzy, Lightheaded When You Stand Up? Here's What It Means

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The first period is a significant moment in the life of a young girl, however, when it happens, the age, plays a much more important role than we realize. National Health Services UK explains that periods can start as early as 8, however the average age is about 12. A new study showcased in the ENDO Annual Meeting 2025, Endocrine Society from Brazil has found that the age a woman gets her first period, also known as menarche, could provide important clues about her future health. The study shows that both starting your period very early or very late can lead to different health problems later in life. Different Risks for Different Ages The age a woman gets her first period (menarche) and the age she reaches menopause mark the beginning and end of her reproductive life. The study looked at data from over 7,600 women in Brazil. It found a link between the timing of menarche and long-term health risks. Early Menarche Women who got their first period before age 10 were more likely to have health issues like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems. They also had a higher risk of reproductive issues like pre-eclampsia. Late Menarche Women who started their period after age 15 were less likely to be obese. However, they faced a greater risk of menstrual problems and some specific heart conditions. What This Means for Women's Health According to the study's author, Flávia Rezende Tinano, these findings confirm how the timing of puberty can affect a woman's health over many years. She explains that knowing when a woman had her first period can help doctors identify those who might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This information can lead to more personalized health screenings and preventative care. The study is one of the largest of its kind in a developing country. It provides valuable data for populations, like those in Latin America, that have been underrepresented in past research. The researchers believe that these findings highlight the need for early health education for young girls and women. How Timing Reveals Health Risks For Women A 2013 study published in the Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics journal explained that the timing of these key events can provide important clues about her long-term health. Both very early and very late timing of menarche or menopause have been linked to a higher risk of health problems. Because of this, understanding the connection between these two events could help with preventing chronic diseases. Scientific studies from various fields, including biology, nutrition, and psychology, have looked at the relationship between menarche and menopause. Early or Late Timing Matters: A woman's age at menarche and menopause is a key sign of her body's aging and how her ovaries are functioning. Health Connections: Both starting periods very early or very late are linked to different health and social risks later in life. While many studies have explored the link between menarche and menopause, the results have been mixed. Out of 36 studies reviewed, ten found a direct link, meaning an earlier first period was connected to an earlier menopause. Two studies found the opposite, and the rest found no connection at all. Researchers believe that many things affect the timing of these events, including: Hormones and environmentSocioeconomic statusStress throughout lifeBody size and height

the age you get your first period at can help identify long-term health risks

Tanya Dutt

Why Ignoring That Nausea Which 'Comes And Goes' Could Be Dangerous For Your Heart

why ignoring that nausea which 'comes and goes' could be dangerous for your heart

Fitness

what happens to your body when you do hiit workout daily?

When The Storm Strikes The Heart: How Hurricanes Are Leaving A Lasting Impact on Cardiovascular Health

when the storm strikes the heart: how hurricanes are leaving a lasting impact on cardiovascular health

Nutrition

Matcha Might Not Be 'The Best Match' For Your Health Due To This One Lesser-Known Side Effect

matcha might not be 'the best match' for your health due to this one lesser-known side effect

Think about that fleeting moment when you get up after sitting or lying down—your head spins, your heart pounds, maybe you feel lightheaded or nauseated. If this scene has become all too familiar, you might be dealing with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome—POTS. It’s rare, but for the 1–3 million people in the U.S. who have it, it’s daily life. Now, a heart failure drug is showing real promise in taming the symptoms.

Ivabradine isn’t new—it’s been used for years to manage chronic heart failure, slowing the heart without dropping blood pressure. But a new pilot study, published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, suggests this drug might be a breakthrough for POTS patients. Researchers from UVA Health and Virginia Commonwealth University treated 10 young adults (average age 28, most of them women) with the drug. Normally, when these patients stood, their heart rates surged by around 40 beats per minute. After ivabradine? The spike shrank to only 15 bpm. And symptoms like faintness dropped by nearly 70%, chest pain by 66%—the difference wasn’t just physiological, it was life-changing.

Dr. Antonio Abbate from UVA Health called the findings compelling: cutting heart rate alone—without affecting blood pressure—appeared to break the chain of symptoms. “The inappropriate increase in heart rate is exactly why patients feel sick,” he said.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome may sound technical, but its components describe the experience: "postural" (related to posture), "orthostatic" (standing upright), "tachycardia" (a fast heart rate), and "syndrome" (a bundle of symptoms). When someone with POTS stands, their autonomic system fails to constrict blood vessels effectively. The result? Blood tanks into the legs, the heart overcompensates, and you get hit by symptoms: dizziness, pounding heart, fatigue, brain fog, chest discomfort, sweating, nausea—anything but ordinary.

This isn’t a heart-muscle issue or a brain problem: it’s more like a software glitch in how your body regulates itself. It often affects young women between 15 and 50 and can stem from triggers like infections, trauma, pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases.

The recent UVA pilot study isn’t standalone. Earlier research supports the same direction. A 2017 retrospective study of 49 patients—almost all women—found 88% saw palpitations improve and 76% felt less lightheaded, with heart rates dipping and no significant change in blood pressure.

Then a 2021 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial—including 22 adults with hyperadrenergic POTS—took it further. The results showed substantial heart rate drops, improved physical and social quality of life, and even reduced norepinephrine levels (the stress hormone that tends to over-react upon standing). None of the participants developed dangerously low blood pressure.

And even earlier studies, including student-case reports and case series, all support the conclusion: ivabradine reduces heart rate without bringing blood pressure down—and that matters because traditional beta blockers can drop both, making some patients feel worse.

<h2>How Ivabradine Interrupts the Vicious Vagus Loop?</h2>

Here’s what researchers suspect is happening behind the scenes: when someone with POTS stands, the body overreacts with a surge of norepinephrine—our classic fight-or-flight hormone. The heart races, the brain kicks into panic mode, symptoms amplify, and the loop perpetuates itself. Ivabradine, by slowing the heart without altering blood pressure, effectively breaks that cycle at the source. Patients stop spinning, both literally and metaphorically.

It's worth noting that these are still early results. The studies are relatively small, but statistically compelling. There's enough here, though, to encourage more formal trials—and for doctors and patients to take notice.

If POTS symptoms sound familiar—if you get faint when you stand, your heart races, and doctors struggle to pinpoint the cause—ivabradine may be a conversation worth having. It’s not a universal cure, but it’s different from other treatments. Rather than forcing blood vessels to tighten or increasing blood volume, it focuses squarely on the heart rate itself.

POTS has always been a misunderstood syndrome—a tricky physiological dance that leaves patients frustrated and clinicians unsure. But treating the pulse directly, instead of chasing blood pressure or fluid levels, looks like a game changer. Ivabradine isn’t a cure-all, but it's poised to offer relief where little existed before.

For anyone sick of dizzy spells, pounding hearts, or unexplained fatigue whenever they stand, it’s time to explore if this one medication could be the difference between feeling trapped and regaining control.

heart health

pots treatment

ivabradine for pots

dizziness when standing

heart racing disorder

orthostatic intolerance

pots symptoms relief

postural tachycardia syndrome

Think about that fleeting moment when you get up after sitting or lying down—your head spins, your heart pounds, maybe you feel lightheaded or nauseated. If this scene has become all too familiar, you might be dealing with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome—POTS. It’s rare, but for the 1–3 million people in the U.S. who have it, it’s daily life. Now, a heart failure drug is showing real promise in taming the symptoms.Ivabradine isn’t new—it’s been used for years to manage chronic heart failure, slowing the heart without dropping blood pressure. But a new pilot study, published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, suggests this drug might be a breakthrough for POTS patients. Researchers from UVA Health and Virginia Commonwealth University treated 10 young adults (average age 28, most of them women) with the drug. Normally, when these patients stood, their heart rates surged by around 40 beats per minute. After ivabradine? The spike shrank to only 15 bpm. And symptoms like faintness dropped by nearly 70%, chest pain by 66%—the difference wasn’t just physiological, it was life-changing.Dr. Antonio Abbate from UVA Health called the findings compelling: cutting heart rate alone—without affecting blood pressure—appeared to break the chain of symptoms. “The inappropriate increase in heart rate is exactly why patients feel sick,” he said.UVA Health NewsroomWhat Is POTS?Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome may sound technical, but its components describe the experience: "postural" (related to posture), "orthostatic" (standing upright), "tachycardia" (a fast heart rate), and "syndrome" (a bundle of symptoms). When someone with POTS stands, their autonomic system fails to constrict blood vessels effectively. The result? Blood tanks into the legs, the heart overcompensates, and you get hit by symptoms: dizziness, pounding heart, fatigue, brain fog, chest discomfort, sweating, nausea—anything but ordinary.This isn’t a heart-muscle issue or a brain problem: it’s more like a software glitch in how your body regulates itself. It often affects young women between 15 and 50 and can stem from triggers like infections, trauma, pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases.The recent UVA pilot study isn’t standalone. Earlier research supports the same direction. A 2017 retrospective study of 49 patients—almost all women—found 88% saw palpitations improve and 76% felt less lightheaded, with heart rates dipping and no significant change in blood pressure.Then a 2021 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial—including 22 adults with hyperadrenergic POTS—took it further. The results showed substantial heart rate drops, improved physical and social quality of life, and even reduced norepinephrine levels (the stress hormone that tends to over-react upon standing). None of the participants developed dangerously low blood pressure.And even earlier studies, including student-case reports and case series, all support the conclusion: ivabradine reduces heart rate without bringing blood pressure down—and that matters because traditional beta blockers can drop both, making some patients feel worse.How Ivabradine Interrupts the Vicious Vagus Loop?Here’s what researchers suspect is happening behind the scenes: when someone with POTS stands, the body overreacts with a surge of norepinephrine—our classic fight-or-flight hormone. The heart races, the brain kicks into panic mode, symptoms amplify, and the loop perpetuates itself. Ivabradine, by slowing the heart without altering blood pressure, effectively breaks that cycle at the source. Patients stop spinning, both literally and metaphorically.What You Should Know POTS?It's worth noting that these are still early results. The studies are relatively small, but statistically compelling. There's enough here, though, to encourage more formal trials—and for doctors and patients to take notice.If POTS symptoms sound familiar—if you get faint when you stand, your heart races, and doctors struggle to pinpoint the cause—ivabradine may be a conversation worth having. It’s not a universal cure, but it’s different from other treatments. Rather than forcing blood vessels to tighten or increasing blood volume, it focuses squarely on the heart rate itself.POTS has always been a misunderstood syndrome—a tricky physiological dance that leaves patients frustrated and clinicians unsure. But treating the pulse directly, instead of chasing blood pressure or fluid levels, looks like a game changer. Ivabradine isn’t a cure-all, but it's poised to offer relief where little existed before.For anyone sick of dizzy spells, pounding hearts, or unexplained fatigue whenever they stand, it’s time to explore if this one medication could be the difference between feeling trapped and regaining control.

have you ever felt dizzy, lightheaded when you stand up? here's what it means

Ishita Roy

Unique COVID-19 Like Symptoms Of Legionnaires' Disease And How Long Does The Infection Last

Health News

Legionnaire’s Disease NYC Outbreak: 3 Dead, 67 Sick; Health Authorities Have Identified ZIP Codes Linked With Cluster

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<span>Legionnaires</span>’ disease, has so far killed 3, and infected around 60 people after the<a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/legionnaires-disease-harlem-outbreak-3-dead-67-sick-health-authorities-have-identified-zip-codes-linked-with-cluster-article-152416314" data-type="tilCustomLink"> recent outbreak</a> in Central Harlem in the New York City. It is a severe form of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila, and is far more than just a respiratory infection.

Unlike typical bacterial pneumonias, Legionnaires’ disease is increasingly being recognized for its distinct symptoms, both during the acute illness and long after recovery. 

Now, a landmark study from Switzerland aims to uncover whether Legionella infections lead to their own version of a “<strong>long COVID”-like syndrome</strong>, providing crucial insights into the post-acute impact of this underdiagnosed illness.

<strong>ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/legionnaires-disease-harlem-outbreak-3-dead-67-sick-health-authorities-have-identified-zip-codes-linked-with-cluster-article-152416314" data-type="tilCustomLink">Legionnaire’s Disease NYC Outbreak: 3 Dead, 67 Sick; Health Authorities Have Identified ZIP Codes Linked With Cluster</a></strong>

<h4>What Makes Legionnaires’ Disease Different?</h4>

Named after a deadly outbreak during an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976, Legionnaires’ disease is spread primarily through contaminated aerosolized water, not person-to-person contact. 

The bacteria thrive in warm, stagnant water found in air-conditioning cooling towers, plumbing systems in large buildings, hot tubs, fountains, and even ice machines.

While the respiratory symptoms may initially resemble other types of pneumonia, cough, fever, and shortness of breath, what sets Legionnaires’ disease apart is the constellation of <strong>extrapulmonary symptoms</strong> that often accompany it.

<ul><li>Muscle aches</li><li>Confusion</li><li>Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea</li><li>Kidney dysfunction</li></ul>

Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels in the blood, a critical and unique marker of this infection

<h4>Hyponatremia: A Clue to Legionella</h4>

Hyponatremia, one of the hallmark signs of Legionnaires’ disease, is often absent in other pneumonias. This is one of the unique symptoms of Legionnaires' that distinguishes from pneumonia. It results in dangerously low sodium levels, which can trigger symptoms ranging from mild fatigue and nausea to severe complications like confusion, seizures, or coma.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), <strong>hyponatremia </strong>often appears early in the course of a Legionella infection and should alert clinicians to consider Legionella pneumonia in patients with respiratory symptoms and abnormal lab findings. Its presence can help guide early diagnosis and prompt treatment, which is critical given the disease’s potential severity.

<h4>Long-Term Effects: Is There a “Long Legionnaires’”?</h4>

Much like long COVID, survivors of Legionnaires’ disease are now reporting symptoms that persist long after the acute infection has cleared. 

These post-acute effects, also seen in other forms of pneumonia, include:

<ul><li>Chronic fatigue</li><li>Brain fog or cognitive dysfunction</li><li>Decreased quality of life</li><li>Ongoing respiratory issues</li><li>Muscle weakness and joint pain</li></ul>

But what if Legionnaires’ disease leaves a unique post-infection footprint?

That’s the central question behind a new prospective cohort study conducted by researchers in Switzerland. Published in Swiss Medical Weekly, the LongLEGIO study is the first of its kind to compare the long-term effects of Legionnaires’ disease to other forms of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

<h4>Inside the LongLEGIO Swiss Study</h4>

From June 2023 to June 2024, researchers recruited 59 patients with confirmed Legionnaires’ disease and 60 matched patients with Legionella test-negative CAP. Participants were closely matched by age, sex, hospital type, and timing of diagnosis.

Patients were assessed at four key time points:

<ul><li>During the acute phase (baseline)</li><li>2 months after treatment</li><li>6 months after treatment</li><li>12 months after treatment</li></ul>

The study used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), structured questionnaires to capture symptoms often missed in traditional hospital data. These included:

<ul><li>Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)</li><li>Persistent fatigue</li><li>Need for continued healthcare</li><li>New or lingering symptoms</li></ul>

Initial findings already highlight striking differences between the two groups. While the median age for both was 69, patients with Legionnaires’ disease were more likely to experience extrapulmonary symptoms. Notably:

<ul><li>Muscle aches were reported by 51.8% of Legionnaires’ patients, compared to 25.9% of CAP patients.</li><li>Fever was reported in 89.3% of Legionnaires’ cases vs. 76.3% in CAP.</li><li>ICU admissions were higher among Legionnaires’ cases (13.6% vs. 8.3%).</li></ul>

Additionally, Legionnaires’ patients had a higher prevalence of chronic kidney failure (15.3% vs. 10%) and better pre-illness quality of life than their CAP counterparts, who tended to have more comorbidities such as COPD, cancer, and immunosuppression.

These early differences are critical because they suggest that Legionella may cause a distinct form of post-acute infection syndrome, akin to long COVID but possibly rooted in a different biological mechanism.

<h4>When Do Symptoms Begin, And How Long Do They Last?</h4>

Legionnaires’ disease symptoms typically begin 2 to 10 days after exposure, but the timeline varies based on individual health and level of exposure. Initially, it may mimic the flu:

<ul><li>Headache</li><li>Chills</li><li>Muscle pain</li><li>High fever (often &gt;104°F)</li><li>Fatigue</li></ul>

As the disease progresses, more severe or unique symptoms may surface, such as:

<ul><li>Cough (often dry at first)</li><li>Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea or nausea</li><li>Confusion or disorientation</li><li>Signs of hyponatremia like fatigue, poor concentration, or seizures</li></ul>

For most patients, acute symptoms <strong>resolve within 2 to 4 weeks</strong>, but that’s not the end of the story.

Based on evidence from pneumonia survivors and early data from the LongLEGIO cohort, recovery can take several months, especially for those who had severe illness requiring ICU care. Lingering fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive issues, and poor stamina <strong>can persist for 6 to 12 months or more</strong>.

Some patients, <strong>even after a year, may still experience reduced quality of life</strong> and ongoing healthcare needs, a pattern increasingly recognized across other infectious diseases but still under-researched in Legionnaires’.

legionnaires

covid 19

legionnaires disease unique symptoms

legionnaires disease infect lasts how long

health and wellness

covid 19 symptoms in legionnaires disease

Legionnaires’ disease, has so far killed 3, and infected around 60 people after the recent outbreak in Central Harlem in the New York City. It is a severe form of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila, and is far more than just a respiratory infection.Unlike typical bacterial pneumonias, Legionnaires’ disease is increasingly being recognized for its distinct symptoms, both during the acute illness and long after recovery. Now, a landmark study from Switzerland aims to uncover whether Legionella infections lead to their own version of a “long COVID”-like syndrome, providing crucial insights into the post-acute impact of this underdiagnosed illness.ALSO READ: Legionnaire’s Disease NYC Outbreak: 3 Dead, 67 Sick; Health Authorities Have Identified ZIP Codes Linked With ClusterWhat Makes Legionnaires’ Disease Different?Named after a deadly outbreak during an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976, Legionnaires’ disease is spread primarily through contaminated aerosolized water, not person-to-person contact. The bacteria thrive in warm, stagnant water found in air-conditioning cooling towers, plumbing systems in large buildings, hot tubs, fountains, and even ice machines.While the respiratory symptoms may initially resemble other types of pneumonia, cough, fever, and shortness of breath, what sets Legionnaires’ disease apart is the constellation of extrapulmonary symptoms that often accompany it.These include:Muscle achesConfusionGastrointestinal issues like diarrheaKidney dysfunctionHyponatremia, or low sodium levels in the blood, a critical and unique marker of this infectionHyponatremia: A Clue to LegionellaHyponatremia, one of the hallmark signs of Legionnaires’ disease, is often absent in other pneumonias. This is one of the unique symptoms of Legionnaires' that distinguishes from pneumonia. It results in dangerously low sodium levels, which can trigger symptoms ranging from mild fatigue and nausea to severe complications like confusion, seizures, or coma.According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), hyponatremia often appears early in the course of a Legionella infection and should alert clinicians to consider Legionella pneumonia in patients with respiratory symptoms and abnormal lab findings. Its presence can help guide early diagnosis and prompt treatment, which is critical given the disease’s potential severity.Long-Term Effects: Is There a “Long Legionnaires’”?Much like long COVID, survivors of Legionnaires’ disease are now reporting symptoms that persist long after the acute infection has cleared. These post-acute effects, also seen in other forms of pneumonia, include:Chronic fatigueBrain fog or cognitive dysfunctionDecreased quality of lifeOngoing respiratory issuesMuscle weakness and joint pain        View this post on Instagram            A post shared by HealthAndMe (@healthandmedotcom)]]>But what if Legionnaires’ disease leaves a unique post-infection footprint?That’s the central question behind a new prospective cohort study conducted by researchers in Switzerland. Published in Swiss Medical Weekly, the LongLEGIO study is the first of its kind to compare the long-term effects of Legionnaires’ disease to other forms of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Inside the LongLEGIO Swiss StudyFrom June 2023 to June 2024, researchers recruited 59 patients with confirmed Legionnaires’ disease and 60 matched patients with Legionella test-negative CAP. Participants were closely matched by age, sex, hospital type, and timing of diagnosis.Patients were assessed at four key time points:During the acute phase (baseline)2 months after treatment6 months after treatment12 months after treatmentThe study used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), structured questionnaires to capture symptoms often missed in traditional hospital data. These included:Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)Persistent fatigueNeed for continued healthcareNew or lingering symptomsWhat the Baseline Data RevealsInitial findings already highlight striking differences between the two groups. While the median age for both was 69, patients with Legionnaires’ disease were more likely to experience extrapulmonary symptoms. Notably:Muscle aches were reported by 51.8% of Legionnaires’ patients, compared to 25.9% of CAP patients.Fever was reported in 89.3% of Legionnaires’ cases vs. 76.3% in CAP.ICU admissions were higher among Legionnaires’ cases (13.6% vs. 8.3%).Additionally, Legionnaires’ patients had a higher prevalence of chronic kidney failure (15.3% vs. 10%) and better pre-illness quality of life than their CAP counterparts, who tended to have more comorbidities such as COPD, cancer, and immunosuppression.These early differences are critical because they suggest that Legionella may cause a distinct form of post-acute infection syndrome, akin to long COVID but possibly rooted in a different biological mechanism.When Do Symptoms Begin, And How Long Do They Last?Legionnaires’ disease symptoms typically begin 2 to 10 days after exposure, but the timeline varies based on individual health and level of exposure. Initially, it may mimic the flu:HeadacheChillsMuscle painHigh fever (often >104°F)FatigueAs the disease progresses, more severe or unique symptoms may surface, such as:Cough (often dry at first)Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea or nauseaConfusion or disorientationSigns of hyponatremia like fatigue, poor concentration, or seizuresFor most patients, acute symptoms resolve within 2 to 4 weeks, but that’s not the end of the story.Based on evidence from pneumonia survivors and early data from the LongLEGIO cohort, recovery can take several months, especially for those who had severe illness requiring ICU care. Lingering fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive issues, and poor stamina can persist for 6 to 12 months or more.Some patients, even after a year, may still experience reduced quality of life and ongoing healthcare needs, a pattern increasingly recognized across other infectious diseases but still under-researched in Legionnaires’.

unique covid-19 like symptoms of legionnaires' disease and how long does the infection last

Former Jharkhand CM Shibu Soren Passes Away After a Month on Life Support: What Does It Truly Mean to Be on Life Support?

former jharkhand cm shibu soren passes away after a month on life support: what does it truly mean to be on life support?

The <span>National Hurricane Center</span> (<span>NHC</span>) said <span>tropical storm Dexter</span> has been formed in the western Atlantic late Sunday. It will mark the fourth named storm of 2025 Atlantic hurricane season. While the NHC forecast did indicate that the storm would track away from the US coast and was not an immediate threat to land, the storm could however cause fear for many. In fact, several studies have shown that hurricanes could lead to cardiovascular diseases. How? This is because storms and flooding could damage and disrupt health-care infrastructure, which also includes hospitals and clinics, and can further delay access to emergency services. 

A 2024 systematic review published in <em>JAMA Cardiology </em>talks about how hurricanes and other extreme weather events could worsen heart disease, and is a leading cause of death worldwide. 

Dr. Nagamalesh U M, Lead Consultant, Cardiology &amp; Interventional Cardiology at Aster CMI Hospital in Bangalore, emphasized the importance of advance planning. “For heart patients living in hurricane-prone areas, preparation can be life-saving. It’s crucial to keep a ready-to-go emergency kit with extra medications, copies of prescriptions, and backup power sources,” he said. 

<h4>Stress, Trauma, and the Strain on the Heart</h4>

Hurricanes don’t just shatter homes; they unravel lives. The emotional trauma of losing loved ones, being displaced, or enduring weeks without power and water can create chronic psychological stress. In Puerto Rico, for instance, more than 60% of residents in some regions reported heightened mental health symptoms six months after Hurricane Maria, reports <em>Think Global Health</em>.

This isn’t just an emotional toll, it’s a physical one, too. “Chronic psychological stress, especially from events like extreme weather or PTSD, can silently take a toll on <span>heart health</span> over time,” Dr. Nagamalesh explained. Elevated stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline increase blood pressure, elevate heart rate, and trigger inflammation, all of which put the heart at risk. 

Left untreated, the effects of stress can lead to arterial stiffening, plaque build-up, and an increased risk of heart attacks or strokes. It also affects habits: poor sleep, unhealthy eating, and medication non-compliance, all compounding cardiovascular risk.

<h4>Case Studies In Disaster: What Past Storms Have Taught Us</h4>

The <em>American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry</em>'s 2019 study on PTSD symptoms following Hurricane Katrina revealed how hospitals in New Orleans lost power, forcing medical staff to make heartbreaking choices about which patients to prioritize. Heart attack rates among older adults rose sharply during and after the storm, and stayed elevated for years, especially among those with post-traumatic stress.

When Hurricane Sandy hit New York, generators failed at major hospitals, prompting large-scale evacuations. In its wake, cardiovascular healthcare demand among seniors in New Jersey remained two to three times higher for more than a year. Even two years later, many patients struggled with uncontrolled blood pressure.

Maria’s impact was felt far beyond Puerto Rico. The hurricane crippled a factory that supplied half of the U.S.’s IV fluid bags, triggering a nationwide shortage of essential medications for heart patients.

<h4>What To Know Before The Next Storm</h4>

Preparing for the next hurricane means more than reinforcing buildings, it requires a complete rethinking of how health systems support cardiovascular patients in times of crisis. Dr. Nagamalesh recommended hospitals identify high-risk heart patients and build personalized emergency protocols. “Investing in mobile clinics, partnering with community pharmacies, and training teams for cardiac emergencies can save lives,” he noted.

Hospitals must also ensure their power and communications infrastructure can withstand extreme weather. During Tropical Storm Harvey, Houston’s trauma center stayed operational, but surrounding road closures caused a food shortage, a lesser-known reason why patient evacuations were considered. Disasters expose not just infrastructural weaknesses, but systemic ones too.

Doctors and patients must work together to create emergency plans tailored to individual needs. “Patients should maintain a backup supply of critical medications and communicate with their care team before and after a storm,” said Dr. Nagamalesh. For those dependent on battery-powered devices, even a few minutes without power can be fatal, highlighting the need for long-term contingency planning.

Mental health care must also be an integral part of storm recovery. Treating stress and anxiety proactively may be as important as refilling prescriptions when it comes to protecting heart health.

As hurricanes intensify with each passing year, cardiovascular resilience must become a cornerstone of climate resilience. Investments in infrastructure, supply chain redundancy, and community-based care aren’t just disaster responses, they’re preventative health measures.

<strong>Ultimately, hurricanes may be natural disasters, but the cardiac crises that follow don’t have to be.</strong>

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The National Hurricane Center (NHC) said tropical storm Dexter has been formed in the western Atlantic late Sunday. It will mark the fourth named storm of 2025 Atlantic hurricane season. While the NHC forecast did indicate that the storm would track away from the US coast and was not an immediate threat to land, the storm could however cause fear for many. In fact, several studies have shown that hurricanes could lead to cardiovascular diseases. How? This is because storms and flooding could damage and disrupt health-care infrastructure, which also includes hospitals and clinics, and can further delay access to emergency services. A 2024 systematic review published in JAMA Cardiology talks about how hurricanes and other extreme weather events could worsen heart disease, and is a leading cause of death worldwide. The Hidden Cardiac TollDr. Nagamalesh U M, Lead Consultant, Cardiology & Interventional Cardiology at Aster CMI Hospital in Bangalore, emphasized the importance of advance planning. “For heart patients living in hurricane-prone areas, preparation can be life-saving. It’s crucial to keep a ready-to-go emergency kit with extra medications, copies of prescriptions, and backup power sources,” he said. Stress, Trauma, and the Strain on the HeartHurricanes don’t just shatter homes; they unravel lives. The emotional trauma of losing loved ones, being displaced, or enduring weeks without power and water can create chronic psychological stress. In Puerto Rico, for instance, more than 60% of residents in some regions reported heightened mental health symptoms six months after Hurricane Maria, reports Think Global Health.This isn’t just an emotional toll, it’s a physical one, too. “Chronic psychological stress, especially from events like extreme weather or PTSD, can silently take a toll on heart health over time,” Dr. Nagamalesh explained. Elevated stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline increase blood pressure, elevate heart rate, and trigger inflammation, all of which put the heart at risk. Left untreated, the effects of stress can lead to arterial stiffening, plaque build-up, and an increased risk of heart attacks or strokes. It also affects habits: poor sleep, unhealthy eating, and medication non-compliance, all compounding cardiovascular risk.Case Studies In Disaster: What Past Storms Have Taught UsThe American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry's 2019 study on PTSD symptoms following Hurricane Katrina revealed how hospitals in New Orleans lost power, forcing medical staff to make heartbreaking choices about which patients to prioritize. Heart attack rates among older adults rose sharply during and after the storm, and stayed elevated for years, especially among those with post-traumatic stress.When Hurricane Sandy hit New York, generators failed at major hospitals, prompting large-scale evacuations. In its wake, cardiovascular healthcare demand among seniors in New Jersey remained two to three times higher for more than a year. Even two years later, many patients struggled with uncontrolled blood pressure.Maria’s impact was felt far beyond Puerto Rico. The hurricane crippled a factory that supplied half of the U.S.’s IV fluid bags, triggering a nationwide shortage of essential medications for heart patients.What To Know Before The Next StormPreparing for the next hurricane means more than reinforcing buildings, it requires a complete rethinking of how health systems support cardiovascular patients in times of crisis. Dr. Nagamalesh recommended hospitals identify high-risk heart patients and build personalized emergency protocols. “Investing in mobile clinics, partnering with community pharmacies, and training teams for cardiac emergencies can save lives,” he noted.Hospitals must also ensure their power and communications infrastructure can withstand extreme weather. During Tropical Storm Harvey, Houston’s trauma center stayed operational, but surrounding road closures caused a food shortage, a lesser-known reason why patient evacuations were considered. Disasters expose not just infrastructural weaknesses, but systemic ones too.Doctors and patients must work together to create emergency plans tailored to individual needs. “Patients should maintain a backup supply of critical medications and communicate with their care team before and after a storm,” said Dr. Nagamalesh. For those dependent on battery-powered devices, even a few minutes without power can be fatal, highlighting the need for long-term contingency planning.Mental health care must also be an integral part of storm recovery. Treating stress and anxiety proactively may be as important as refilling prescriptions when it comes to protecting heart health.As hurricanes intensify with each passing year, cardiovascular resilience must become a cornerstone of climate resilience. Investments in infrastructure, supply chain redundancy, and community-based care aren’t just disaster responses, they’re preventative health measures.Ultimately, hurricanes may be natural disasters, but the cardiac crises that follow don’t have to be.

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