While the health issues associated with climate change may seem far off, we may have to worry about a killer fungus that infects millions. A new study shows that Aspergillus species, which can cause severe infections in humans, livestock and plants will continue to grow because of the higher temperatures. The research is currently under peer review. The authors explain that invasive aspergillosis and its prevalence in a place correlates with the environmental suitability, meaning the warmer the temperature, the more severe the strain. To understand this infection better, we spoke to Dr. Sabrinath Ravichandar, Pulmonologist from Chennai. What Infection Does Aspergillus Species Cause? The fungus in question can lead to invasive aspergillosis, a severe infection that typically starts in the lungs and has the potential to spread to the brain. While people with healthy immune systems can usually combat the fungal spores, those with a weak immune system are more at risk. According to a 2024 report in Lancet, annually more than 2 million people develop invasive aspergillosis with 34 thousand deaths. Dr. Ravichandar explains that the early signs of this infection include coughing (sometimes with blood), shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, fatigue and wheezing. The symptoms may differ for people who have a weak immune system, he explains. “In immunocompromised individuals, symptoms may progress rapidly. Sinus infections, facial swelling, or vision changes can also occur if the fungus spreads. Prompt medical attention is crucial for effective treatment.” Climate Change Fuels Fungal Spread The study suggests that this fungus, called Aspergillus, could move from warmer parts of the world into Europe and the UK as climate change gets worse, and temperatures keep rising. Researchers say that climate change makes disease outbreaks more likely, and these fungal infections are becoming harder to treat and more common. Why Is This Fungus A Cause Of Concern? Experts say these fungi are "extremely difficult" to treat. There aren't many medicines that work against them, and the fungus is becoming resistant to the drugs we have. They are also very hard to diagnose. Dr. Ravichandar says, “Antifungal medications like voriconazole and amphotericin B are effective treatments. Early diagnosis and targeted antifungal therapy significantly improve outcomes in affected individuals.” Challenges in Treatment and Diagnosis Experts caution that these fungal infections are very difficult to treat. Researchers note that along with limited availability of effective treatments and medications, there is a concern regarding whether the infection becomes drug resistant. Now the question arises - how will the infection be effectively diagnosed and treated? Dr. Ravichandran explains that the effectiveness for the treatment for aspergillosis depends on what kind of strain it is. While medication may help, sometimes there is need for other kinds of treatments. “In severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove infected tissues. Treatment effectiveness varies; it depends on the infection type and the patient’s immune status. Invasive aspergillosis is harder to treat and can be life-threatening despite therapy.” How Is Infection Caused By Aspergillus Diagnosed? Researchers emphasize the difficulty of diagnosing this infection, saying there are many challenges associated with accurate diagnosis. Dr. Ravichandar explains that diagnosis for aspergillosis involves chest X-rays or CT scans to detect lung damage. He continues, “Blood tests to detect antibodies or antigens, and sputum or tissue cultures to identify the fungus. A bronchoscopy may be performed to collect lung samples.” Who Is At Risk And Are There Preventive Measures They Can Follow? The expert says, “People most at risk include those with weakened immune systems, cancer, organ transplants, or lung diseases. To protect themselves, they should avoid dusty environments, wear masks when exposed to soil or mold, maintain good hygiene, and promptly treat infections. Regular medical follow-ups help detect and manage early signs effectively.”