Riya Baibhawi

Winter Is Coming And It Is Probably Making You Sad: Here's The Reason

If you feel that <span>winter</span> makes you <span>sad</span> and depressed, it’s probably not just in your head. There is a reason behind this and it is called <span>Seasonal Affective Disorder</span> (SAD). This condition, which is more common in women than in men, is the reason behind the sudden change in your behaviour during winters and summers. Notably, SAD is not affected by dates but the temperature and thus, should not be confused with "holiday blues", which are the feelings of sadness or anxiety brought on by stresses at certain times of the year. 

According to National Institutes of Health (NIH), SAD starts in late fall or early winters and goes away during spring or summer. People suffering from depression or bipolar disorder, especially bipolar disorder II, are also more susceptible to this disorder. 

Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks

Feelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessness

Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness

Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities

Decreased energy, fatigue, or feeling slowed down

Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions

Changes in sleep or appetite or unplanned weight changes

Physical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not have a clear physical cause and do not go away with treatment

In extreme cases, it could also lead to death or suicide or suicide attemtps. 

While there are various studies that reveal details about winter sadness, not much is explored about the less-common version of this disease, known as Summer-pattern SAD.  Research has shown that people with winter SAD have lesser levels of Serotonin in their heads. Serotonin is responsible for regulating moods. It is a well known fact that sunlight affects the level of this hormone in the body. Therefore, having shorter days and fewer sunlight hours interferes with the production of serotonin, leading to low mood. 

Moreover, <span>Vitamin D</span> deficiency may exacerbate these diseases. In addition to vitamin D consumed in food, the body produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight on the skin. With less daylight in the winter, people with SAD may have lower vitamin D levels, further reducing serotonin activity.

Another hormone that plays an important role here is Melatonin. Several studies suggest that both forms of SAD (winter and summer) relate to altered levels of melatonin—a hormone important for maintaining the normal sleep−wake cycle. People with winter-pattern SAD produce too much melatonin, which can increase sleepiness and lead to oversleeping.

Health Conditions A-Z

health

Winter

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Vitamin D

Winter blues

'Your Gut Is Your Second Brain': Why Looking Fit Can Still Mean You Are Unhealthy

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If you feel that winter makes you sad and depressed, it’s probably not just in your head. There is a reason behind this and it is called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). This condition, which is more common in women than in men, is the reason behind the sudden change in your behaviour during winters and summers. Notably, SAD is not affected by dates but the temperature and thus, should not be confused with "holiday blues", which are the feelings of sadness or anxiety brought on by stresses at certain times of the year. According to National Institutes of Health (NIH), SAD starts in late fall or early winters and goes away during spring or summer. People suffering from depression or bipolar disorder, especially bipolar disorder II, are also more susceptible to this disorder. What Are Symptoms Of SAD?Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeksFeelings of hopelessness or pessimismFeelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessnessFeelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessnessLoss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activitiesDecreased energy, fatigue, or feeling slowed downDifficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisionsChanges in sleep or appetite or unplanned weight changesPhysical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not have a clear physical cause and do not go away with treatmentIn extreme cases, it could also lead to death or suicide or suicide attemtps. Science Behind SAD While there are various studies that reveal details about winter sadness, not much is explored about the less-common version of this disease, known as Summer-pattern SAD.  Research has shown that people with winter SAD have lesser levels of Serotonin in their heads. Serotonin is responsible for regulating moods. It is a well known fact that sunlight affects the level of this hormone in the body. Therefore, having shorter days and fewer sunlight hours interferes with the production of serotonin, leading to low mood. Moreover, Vitamin D deficiency may exacerbate these diseases. In addition to vitamin D consumed in food, the body produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight on the skin. With less daylight in the winter, people with SAD may have lower vitamin D levels, further reducing serotonin activity.Another hormone that plays an important role here is Melatonin. Several studies suggest that both forms of SAD (winter and summer) relate to altered levels of melatonin—a hormone important for maintaining the normal sleep−wake cycle. People with winter-pattern SAD produce too much melatonin, which can increase sleepiness and lead to oversleeping.

winter is coming and it is probably making you sad: here's the reason

Health and Me

Supriya Ramesh

"Your Gut Is Your Second Brain": Why Looking Fit Can Still Mean You Are Unhealthy

Credits: Canva

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In today’s fitness-obsessed world, being in good shape is often equated with being healthy. But that assumption is increasingly being challenged. You might clock your daily steps, hit the gym, and look lean in the mirror, yet your body may still be signalling distress from the inside. And the problem usually lies in the gut.

The growing evidence shows how a well-sculpted exterior does not always reflect internal well-being. Fitness is not enough to ensure health. The <span>gut microbiome</span> may be the silent disruptor behind many metabolic issues, even in those who appear outwardly fit.

In fact, a review by the Indian Council of Medical Research found that more than 71 per cent of Indian adults are <span>metabolically unhealthy</span> despite looking lean. This startling figure highlights a crucial gap in our understanding of what it really means to be healthy.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/as-china-revives-covid-era-measures-to-beat-chikungunya-virus-heres-all-you-should-know-about-this-mosquito-borne-disease-article-152423175" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">As China Revives COVID-Era Measures To Beat Chikungunya Virus, Here's All You Should Know About This Mosquito-borne Disease</a>

<h3>What Does “Fit but Not Healthy” Mean? Expert Explains </h3>The idea that fitness and health are not always aligned is not new, but it is only recently gaining widespread attention. Scientist and Author Dr. Debojyoti Dhar points to exercise physiologist Dr. Phil Maffetone’s distinction: fitness is about performance; health is about how well your internal systems are functioning. You can be an elite athlete and still be metabolically compromised.

“Even top-level athletes can develop <span>overtraining syndrome</span>,” Dr. Dhar explains, describing this as a condition marked by <span>systemic inflammation</span>, hormonal imbalance, and metabolic dysfunction. And at the heart of it, he notes, is often a disrupted gut microbiome.

He warns that a dysfunctional gut flora does not just impact digestion; it can lead to inflammation, reduce insulin sensitivity, interfere with lipid metabolism, and elevate the risk of chronic conditions. “Even world-class athletes are not immune,” he adds.

<h3>The Gut-Fitness Connection</h3>According to Dr. Dhar, exercise certainly has an influence on gut health. Moderate workouts tend to promote a more diverse microbiome and boost beneficial short-chain fatty acids, which help with inflammation and immunity.

But, he cautions, “Overtraining or intense workout regimens can backfire.” When pushed too far, physical activity can damage the gut lining, increase inflammation, and throw off <span>microbial balance</span>, a state known as dysbiosis.

“So, while exercise is crucial, it has to be done in a way that complements gut health,” he advises.

<h3>Gut Microbiome Plays A Crucial Role </h3>The gut is not just about digestion. Dr. Dhar says that the gut microbiome, a rich ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plays a central role in immune function, mental clarity, skin condition, and metabolic regulation.

“When this balance is disturbed, we see the emergence of conditions like chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and even obesity,” he says. This microbial imbalance often remains hidden, as most people rely on weight or BMI as their main health markers.

He points out how even something seemingly harmless, like eating a few cookies a day, can slowly tip the scales of gut balance and trigger low-grade inflammation. “This kind of <span>hidden obesity</span> often flies under the radar,” says Dr. Dhar.

<h3>Moving Toward True Health</h3>Dr. Dhar shares a more holistic roadmap for anyone looking to bridge the gap between looking fit and being healthy.

<ul><li>Focus on <span rel="noindex">dietary diversity</span>: Eating a wide variety of plant-based foods supports microbial diversity and resilience. </li><li>Include prebiotics and probiotics: He recommends incorporating <span rel="noindex">fermented foods</span> and fibre-rich legumes, noting their benefits for mood, weight, and metabolic health.</li><li>Balance exercise intensity: Moderate exercise enhances gut health, but too much intensity can be harmful.</li><li>Monitor metabolic health: He urges people not to rely solely on weigh-ins. Regular <span rel="noindex">metabolic screenings</span> and, where possible, microbiome testing can uncover hidden health risks early.</li></ul> 

Being in shape is not a guarantee of being healthy. Without good gut health, even disciplined exercise and a lean appearance can mask deeper problems like inflammation or insulin resistance. Dr. Dhar calls the gut our “second brain” and insists it deserves more attention than it typically receives. It is time to stop obsessing over what we see in the mirror and start listening to the internal cues. 

True health, he concludes, lies in nurturing the gut through balanced movement, diverse diets, quality sleep, and stress management. 

gut microbiome

metabolically unhealthy

systemic inflammation

overtraining syndrome

microbial balance

hidden obesity

dietary diversity

fermented foods

metabolic screenings

second brain

In today’s fitness-obsessed world, being in good shape is often equated with being healthy. But that assumption is increasingly being challenged. You might clock your daily steps, hit the gym, and look lean in the mirror, yet your body may still be signalling distress from the inside. And the problem usually lies in the gut.The growing evidence shows how a well-sculpted exterior does not always reflect internal well-being. Fitness is not enough to ensure health. The gut microbiome may be the silent disruptor behind many metabolic issues, even in those who appear outwardly fit.In fact, a review by the Indian Council of Medical Research found that more than 71 per cent of Indian adults are metabolically unhealthy despite looking lean. This startling figure highlights a crucial gap in our understanding of what it really means to be healthy.Also Read: As China Revives COVID-Era Measures To Beat Chikungunya Virus, Here's All You Should Know About This Mosquito-borne DiseaseWhat Does “Fit but Not Healthy” Mean? Expert Explains The idea that fitness and health are not always aligned is not new, but it is only recently gaining widespread attention. Scientist and Author Dr. Debojyoti Dhar points to exercise physiologist Dr. Phil Maffetone’s distinction: fitness is about performance; health is about how well your internal systems are functioning. You can be an elite athlete and still be metabolically compromised.“Even top-level athletes can develop overtraining syndrome,” Dr. Dhar explains, describing this as a condition marked by systemic inflammation, hormonal imbalance, and metabolic dysfunction. And at the heart of it, he notes, is often a disrupted gut microbiome.He warns that a dysfunctional gut flora does not just impact digestion; it can lead to inflammation, reduce insulin sensitivity, interfere with lipid metabolism, and elevate the risk of chronic conditions. “Even world-class athletes are not immune,” he adds.The Gut-Fitness ConnectionAccording to Dr. Dhar, exercise certainly has an influence on gut health. Moderate workouts tend to promote a more diverse microbiome and boost beneficial short-chain fatty acids, which help with inflammation and immunity.But, he cautions, “Overtraining or intense workout regimens can backfire.” When pushed too far, physical activity can damage the gut lining, increase inflammation, and throw off microbial balance, a state known as dysbiosis.“So, while exercise is crucial, it has to be done in a way that complements gut health,” he advises.Gut Microbiome Plays A Crucial Role The gut is not just about digestion. Dr. Dhar says that the gut microbiome, a rich ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plays a central role in immune function, mental clarity, skin condition, and metabolic regulation.“When this balance is disturbed, we see the emergence of conditions like chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and even obesity,” he says. This microbial imbalance often remains hidden, as most people rely on weight or BMI as their main health markers.He points out how even something seemingly harmless, like eating a few cookies a day, can slowly tip the scales of gut balance and trigger low-grade inflammation. “This kind of hidden obesity often flies under the radar,” says Dr. Dhar.Moving Toward True HealthDr. Dhar shares a more holistic roadmap for anyone looking to bridge the gap between looking fit and being healthy.Focus on dietary diversity: Eating a wide variety of plant-based foods supports microbial diversity and resilience. Include prebiotics and probiotics: He recommends incorporating fermented foods and fibre-rich legumes, noting their benefits for mood, weight, and metabolic health.Balance exercise intensity: Moderate exercise enhances gut health, but too much intensity can be harmful.Monitor metabolic health: He urges people not to rely solely on weigh-ins. Regular metabolic screenings and, where possible, microbiome testing can uncover hidden health risks early. Being in shape is not a guarantee of being healthy. Without good gut health, even disciplined exercise and a lean appearance can mask deeper problems like inflammation or insulin resistance. Dr. Dhar calls the gut our “second brain” and insists it deserves more attention than it typically receives. It is time to stop obsessing over what we see in the mirror and start listening to the internal cues. True health, he concludes, lies in nurturing the gut through balanced movement, diverse diets, quality sleep, and stress management. 

"your gut is your second brain": why looking fit can still mean you are unhealthy

Ishita Roy

Mosquitoes Deployed To Kill Virus-Carrying Mosquito Larvae: How China Is Using Biological Weapons To Wage War Against Chikungunya

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China Confirms 7000 Chikungunya Cases, How Releasing Elephant Mosquitos Can Help Fight The Viral Outbreak?

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Medical Memoir: How Chikungunya, A Tanzinian Virus Affected Millions Throughout The World

medical memoir: how chikungunya, a tanzinian virus affected millions throughout the world

west nile virus detected in mosquito samples from chatham-kent

<strong><span rel="noindex">China Chikungunya Virus</span>:</strong> More than 7,000 cases of <span>Chikungunya</span> have been reported from China's Foshan, confirmed the government report. The Chinese authorities, as a result, have taken measures to curb the spread of chikungunya, a virus known for causing fever and joint pain. The Health and Me has <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/mosquitoes-deployed-to-kill-virus-carrying-mosquito-larvae-how-china-is-using-biological-weapons-to-wage-war-against-chikungunya-article-152416485" data-type="tilCustomLink">reported </a>on the methods, including the use of biological weapons as the different breed of mosquitoes, namely, the elephant mosquitoes to combat the larvae carrying the chikungunya virus. Other health measures like tests, complying by the government orders, and fines if not, have been taken too, which has resulted it into being called the 'COVID-era' measure.

A 2022 study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, notes that during the COVID-19 pandemic, criminal acts that seriously violated pandemic prevention and control provisions were subjected to criminal punishment. 

For instance, acts casing the spread of coronavirus, or posing a serious risk of spreading would constitute as a crime under the Article 330 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. 

If one obstructs the state functionaries from carrying out pandemic investigation to the law by means of violence or threat would be considered a crime under Article 277.

Driving up prices or seeking exorbitant profits or making illegal income would be considered a crime under Article 225.

For those who spread false information online would also be considered criminals under the Article 291.

Chinese courts have tried criminal cases involving pandemic prevention and control in accordance with the law, punished criminal acts that harmed the public interest and the quality of health and life, and demonstrated the important role of judicial bodies in ensuring the quality of public health and life.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to control the situation and ensure public order, Chinese government departments at all levels gained more administrative law enforcement authority, notes the study.

<strong>ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/mosquitoes-deployed-to-kill-virus-carrying-mosquito-larvae-how-china-is-using-biological-weapons-to-wage-war-against-chikungunya-article-152416485" data-type="tilCustomLink">Mosquitoes Deployed To Kill Virus-Carrying Mosquito Larvae: How China Is Using Biological Weapons To Wage War Against Chikungunya</a></strong>

<h4>How Has China 'Revived' Covid-Era Measures For Chikungunya Outbreak?</h4>

Foshan has asked pharmacies to report identities of people who buy any of the 47 drugs to relieve chikungunya symptoms such as fever, rash, and join pain. The notice was issued by the city's Market Supervision Bureau. This is a similar policy adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic, where pharmacies would trigger a pop-up on an individual's health code, for the government to track. This will also limit their movement and subject them for a mandatory test. 

Like COVID-19 measures, a campaign for disinfecting areas has been launched in Foshan, for seven days, which will also include community mobilization to clear stagnant water and promoting use of window screens and mosquito nets. 

In pandemic, those who failed to comply by the government rules were expected to submit a fine, or were punished. In a similar manner, hotels, restaurants and companies that failed to clean up stagnant water would face a fine up to 1,000 yuan, which is roughly $139. As per an illustrated government explainer, those who do not cooperate could be fined, or face criminal charges for "obstructing the prevention of infectious diseases". In fact, five households had their electricity cut for not cooperating.

Travellers directories are also being maintained, especially of those who have symptoms such as fever, headache, and joint pain.

<strong>ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/us-weighs-china-travel-warning-as-chikungunya-cases-near-5000-report-article-152393518" data-type="tilCustomLink">US Weighs China Travel Warning As Chikungunya Cases Near 5,000: Report</a></strong>

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral illness that causes fever and intense joint pain, often leaving patients debilitated for days or even weeks. Though it shares symptoms with dengue and Zika, chikungunya is a distinct disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), primarily transmitted by <span>Aedes</span> aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes bite mostly during daylight and breed in stagnant water.

<h4>Global Distribution and Outbreaks</h4>

CHIKV was first identified in Tanzania in 1952, notes WHO. Initially seen in Africa and Asia, the virus has since spread rapidly. Since 2004, it has caused outbreaks in over 110 countries, including those in the Americas and Europe. The increase in cases is partly due to viral mutations that make it easier for Aedes albopictus to transmit the virus, and partly due to the virus entering populations with no prior immunity. In places where most of the population gets infected and recovers, transmission often slows down. However, in regions with low infection rates, the virus continues to circulate.

CHIKV spreads through the bite of an infected female mosquito. When a mosquito bites a person who has the virus in their bloodstream, the virus replicates in the mosquito and gets passed on when it bites someone else. The cycle continues as long as mosquitoes and infected humans are present in the same environment.

Symptoms usually appear 4–8 days after being bitten. The illness begins with sudden fever and severe joint pain, especially in the hands and feet, which may last from days to months. Other symptoms include muscle pain, fatigue, rash, nausea, and headache. Because these overlap with dengue and Zika, misdiagnosis is common.

While most patients recover fully, some develop eye, heart, or neurological complications. Infants and older adults, especially those with existing health conditions, are more prone to severe illness and may need hospitalization. Thankfully, fatalities are rare. Once recovered, individuals are believed to have lifelong immunity.

<strong>ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/medical-memoir-how-chikungunya-a-tanzinian-virus-affected-millions-throughout-the-world-article-152420730" data-type="tilCustomLink">Medical Memoir: How Chikungunya, A Tanzinian Virus Affected Millions Throughout The World</a></strong>

CHIKV can be confirmed using RT-PCR tests in the first week of illness. Antibody tests can also detect past infections within the first two months after symptoms begin. There is no specific antiviral treatment. Supportive care includes paracetamol for pain and fever, rest, and plenty of fluids. NSAIDs should be avoided until dengue is ruled out, due to bleeding risks.

Two vaccines have received regulatory approvals in some countries but are not yet in widespread use. WHO is reviewing data to decide on future vaccine recommendations. Until then, the best protection is prevention.

<ul><li>Eliminating mosquito breeding sites by emptying water containers weekly</li><li>Wearing long clothing</li><li>Using window screens and insect repellents containing DEET, IR3535 or icaridin</li><li>Using insecticide-treated nets, especially for those sleeping during the day</li><li>Avoiding mosquito bites during the first week of illness to stop further spread</li></ul>

chikungunya virus outbreak china

chikungunya

aedes

health and wellness

canada news

australia news

china news

chikungunya news

COVID19

China chikungunya virus

China Chikungunya Virus: More than 7,000 cases of Chikungunya have been reported from China's Foshan, confirmed the government report. The Chinese authorities, as a result, have taken measures to curb the spread of chikungunya, a virus known for causing fever and joint pain. The Health and Me has reported on the methods, including the use of biological weapons as the different breed of mosquitoes, namely, the elephant mosquitoes to combat the larvae carrying the chikungunya virus. Other health measures like tests, complying by the government orders, and fines if not, have been taken too, which has resulted it into being called the 'COVID-era' measure.How Did China Combat COVID-19? A 2022 study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, notes that during the COVID-19 pandemic, criminal acts that seriously violated pandemic prevention and control provisions were subjected to criminal punishment. For instance, acts casing the spread of coronavirus, or posing a serious risk of spreading would constitute as a crime under the Article 330 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. If one obstructs the state functionaries from carrying out pandemic investigation to the law by means of violence or threat would be considered a crime under Article 277.Driving up prices or seeking exorbitant profits or making illegal income would be considered a crime under Article 225.For those who spread false information online would also be considered criminals under the Article 291.Chinese courts have tried criminal cases involving pandemic prevention and control in accordance with the law, punished criminal acts that harmed the public interest and the quality of health and life, and demonstrated the important role of judicial bodies in ensuring the quality of public health and life.During the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to control the situation and ensure public order, Chinese government departments at all levels gained more administrative law enforcement authority, notes the study.ALSO READ: Mosquitoes Deployed To Kill Virus-Carrying Mosquito Larvae: How China Is Using Biological Weapons To Wage War Against ChikungunyaHow Has China 'Revived' Covid-Era Measures For Chikungunya Outbreak?Foshan has asked pharmacies to report identities of people who buy any of the 47 drugs to relieve chikungunya symptoms such as fever, rash, and join pain. The notice was issued by the city's Market Supervision Bureau. This is a similar policy adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic, where pharmacies would trigger a pop-up on an individual's health code, for the government to track. This will also limit their movement and subject them for a mandatory test. Like COVID-19 measures, a campaign for disinfecting areas has been launched in Foshan, for seven days, which will also include community mobilization to clear stagnant water and promoting use of window screens and mosquito nets. In pandemic, those who failed to comply by the government rules were expected to submit a fine, or were punished. In a similar manner, hotels, restaurants and companies that failed to clean up stagnant water would face a fine up to 1,000 yuan, which is roughly $139. As per an illustrated government explainer, those who do not cooperate could be fined, or face criminal charges for "obstructing the prevention of infectious diseases". In fact, five households had their electricity cut for not cooperating.Travellers directories are also being maintained, especially of those who have symptoms such as fever, headache, and joint pain.ALSO READ: US Weighs China Travel Warning As Chikungunya Cases Near 5,000: ReportWhat Is Chikungunya?As per the World Health Organization (WHO), chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral illness that causes fever and intense joint pain, often leaving patients debilitated for days or even weeks. Though it shares symptoms with dengue and Zika, chikungunya is a distinct disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes bite mostly during daylight and breed in stagnant water.Global Distribution and OutbreaksCHIKV was first identified in Tanzania in 1952, notes WHO. Initially seen in Africa and Asia, the virus has since spread rapidly. Since 2004, it has caused outbreaks in over 110 countries, including those in the Americas and Europe. The increase in cases is partly due to viral mutations that make it easier for Aedes albopictus to transmit the virus, and partly due to the virus entering populations with no prior immunity. In places where most of the population gets infected and recovers, transmission often slows down. However, in regions with low infection rates, the virus continues to circulate.How It SpreadsCHIKV spreads through the bite of an infected female mosquito. When a mosquito bites a person who has the virus in their bloodstream, the virus replicates in the mosquito and gets passed on when it bites someone else. The cycle continues as long as mosquitoes and infected humans are present in the same environment.Symptoms and RisksSymptoms usually appear 4–8 days after being bitten. The illness begins with sudden fever and severe joint pain, especially in the hands and feet, which may last from days to months. Other symptoms include muscle pain, fatigue, rash, nausea, and headache. Because these overlap with dengue and Zika, misdiagnosis is common.While most patients recover fully, some develop eye, heart, or neurological complications. Infants and older adults, especially those with existing health conditions, are more prone to severe illness and may need hospitalization. Thankfully, fatalities are rare. Once recovered, individuals are believed to have lifelong immunity.ALSO READ: Medical Memoir: How Chikungunya, A Tanzinian Virus Affected Millions Throughout The WorldDiagnosis and TreatmentCHIKV can be confirmed using RT-PCR tests in the first week of illness. Antibody tests can also detect past infections within the first two months after symptoms begin. There is no specific antiviral treatment. Supportive care includes paracetamol for pain and fever, rest, and plenty of fluids. NSAIDs should be avoided until dengue is ruled out, due to bleeding risks.Vaccines and PreventionTwo vaccines have received regulatory approvals in some countries but are not yet in widespread use. WHO is reviewing data to decide on future vaccine recommendations. Until then, the best protection is prevention.Key steps include:Eliminating mosquito breeding sites by emptying water containers weeklyWearing long clothingUsing window screens and insect repellents containing DEET, IR3535 or icaridinUsing insecticide-treated nets, especially for those sleeping during the dayAvoiding mosquito bites during the first week of illness to stop further spread

as china revives covid-era measures to beat chikungunya virus, here's all you should know about this mosquito-borne disease

Aarushi Bhadury

The Age You Get Your First Period At Can Help Identify Long-Term Health Risks

Why Are Women More Prone To Headaches Than Men?

why are women more prone to headaches than men?

Another Reason To Skip Your 'Caffeine Fix' Tonight, Especially If You're A Woman

another reason to skip your 'caffeine fix' tonight, especially if you're a woman

The first period is a significant moment in the life of a young girl, however, when it happens, the age, plays a much more important role than we realize. National Health Services UK explains that periods can start as early as 8, however the average age is about 12. 

A new study showcased in the ENDO Annual Meeting 2025, Endocrine Society from Brazil has found that the age a woman gets her first period, also known as menarche, could provide important clues about her future health. The study shows that both starting your period very early or very late can lead to different health problems later in life. 

<h2>Different Risks for Different Ages </h2>

The age a woman gets her first period (menarche) and the age she reaches menopause mark the beginning and end of her reproductive life. The study looked at data from over 7,600 women in Brazil. It found a link between the timing of menarche and long-term health risks. 

Women who got their first period before age 10 were more likely to have health issues like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems. They also had a higher risk of reproductive issues like pre-eclampsia. 

Women who started their period after age 15 were less likely to be obese. However, they faced a greater risk of menstrual problems and some specific heart conditions. 

<h2>What This Means for Women's Health </h2>

According to the study's author, Flávia Rezende Tinano, these findings confirm how the timing of puberty can affect a woman's health over many years. She explains that knowing when a woman had her first period can help doctors identify those who might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This information can lead to more personalized health screenings and preventative care. 

The study is one of the largest of its kind in a developing country. It provides valuable data for populations, like those in Latin America, that have been underrepresented in past research. The researchers believe that these findings highlight the need for early health education for young girls and women. 

<h2>How Timing Reveals Health Risks For Women </h2>

A 2013 study published in the Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics journal explained that the timing of these key events can provide important clues about her long-term health. Both very early and very late timing of menarche or menopause have been linked to a higher risk of health problems. Because of this, understanding the connection between these two events could help with preventing chronic diseases. Scientific studies from various fields, including biology, nutrition, and psychology, have looked at the relationship between menarche and menopause. 

<strong>Early or Late Timing Matters:</strong> A woman's age at menarche and menopause is a key sign of her body's aging and how her ovaries are functioning. 

<strong>Health Connections: </strong>Both starting periods very early or very late are linked to different health and social risks later in life. 

While many studies have explored the link between menarche and menopause, the results have been mixed. Out of 36 studies reviewed, ten found a direct link, meaning an earlier first period was connected to an earlier menopause. Two studies found the opposite, and the rest found no connection at all. Researchers believe that many things affect the timing of these events, including: 

<ul><li>Hormones and environment</li><li>Socioeconomic status</li><li>Stress throughout life</li><li>Body size and height</li></ul>

menstruation

menstrual cycle

first period age and long term health

long term health risks

menarche vs menopause

Womens Health

The first period is a significant moment in the life of a young girl, however, when it happens, the age, plays a much more important role than we realize. National Health Services UK explains that periods can start as early as 8, however the average age is about 12. A new study showcased in the ENDO Annual Meeting 2025, Endocrine Society from Brazil has found that the age a woman gets her first period, also known as menarche, could provide important clues about her future health. The study shows that both starting your period very early or very late can lead to different health problems later in life. Different Risks for Different Ages The age a woman gets her first period (menarche) and the age she reaches menopause mark the beginning and end of her reproductive life. The study looked at data from over 7,600 women in Brazil. It found a link between the timing of menarche and long-term health risks. Early Menarche Women who got their first period before age 10 were more likely to have health issues like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems. They also had a higher risk of reproductive issues like pre-eclampsia. Late Menarche Women who started their period after age 15 were less likely to be obese. However, they faced a greater risk of menstrual problems and some specific heart conditions. What This Means for Women's Health According to the study's author, Flávia Rezende Tinano, these findings confirm how the timing of puberty can affect a woman's health over many years. She explains that knowing when a woman had her first period can help doctors identify those who might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This information can lead to more personalized health screenings and preventative care. The study is one of the largest of its kind in a developing country. It provides valuable data for populations, like those in Latin America, that have been underrepresented in past research. The researchers believe that these findings highlight the need for early health education for young girls and women. How Timing Reveals Health Risks For Women A 2013 study published in the Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics journal explained that the timing of these key events can provide important clues about her long-term health. Both very early and very late timing of menarche or menopause have been linked to a higher risk of health problems. Because of this, understanding the connection between these two events could help with preventing chronic diseases. Scientific studies from various fields, including biology, nutrition, and psychology, have looked at the relationship between menarche and menopause. Early or Late Timing Matters: A woman's age at menarche and menopause is a key sign of her body's aging and how her ovaries are functioning. Health Connections: Both starting periods very early or very late are linked to different health and social risks later in life. While many studies have explored the link between menarche and menopause, the results have been mixed. Out of 36 studies reviewed, ten found a direct link, meaning an earlier first period was connected to an earlier menopause. Two studies found the opposite, and the rest found no connection at all. Researchers believe that many things affect the timing of these events, including: Hormones and environmentSocioeconomic statusStress throughout lifeBody size and height

the age you get your first period at can help identify long-term health risks

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