Aarushi Bhadury

Is It Safe To Use Bio-Oil During Pregnancy?

Bio-Oil For Pregnancy (Credit-Canva)

Bio-oil is a popular skincare product that claims to improve the appearance of scars, stretch marks, uneven skin tone, and dehydration. It's a blend of plant-based oils, vitamins, and minerals. These ingredients work together to hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote skin cell turnover. Many pregnant women use bio-oil to help with the stretchmarks that come along with growing a human being in your body. But many people have questioned the validity of it and whether it is okay for pregnant women to use. 

<h2>Is Bio-Oil Safe During Pregnancy?</h2>

While many pregnant women turn to Bio-Oil to help prevent stretch marks, it's important to consider its potential risks. Some experts do not believe it is safe for pregnant women to use because of its content. Here are some things you should keep in mind.

<h4><span rel="noindex">Retinol</span> Content</h4>

The original formulation of Bio-Oil contains retinyl palmitate, a form of vitamin A. It has even been classified as a <a href="https://chemm.hhs.gov/pregnancycategories.htm#:~:text=Category%20C,pregnant%20women%20despite%20potential%20risks" data-type="tilCustomLink" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank" rel= "noopener nofollow noreferrer" target= "_blank">category C</a> product which means that the product shows adverse effects on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans to confirm the risk. You may still use it to despite the potential risk. Retinol is known for its exfoliating and anti-aging properties, but it can be harmful to a developing fetus when used topically during pregnancy. 

<h4><span rel="noindex">Rosemary</span> Oil</h4>

<a href="https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/rosemary" data-type="tilCustomLink" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank" rel= "noopener nofollow noreferrer" target= "_blank">Study on Rosemary</a> tells us that both the original and natural formulations of Bio-Oil contain rosemary oil, which can stimulate uterine contractions. While the amount in skincare products is typically low, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before using products containing rosemary oil during pregnancy, especially in the later stages. 

While Bio-Oil can be a helpful skincare product for many, it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using it during pregnancy. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific needs and concerns. It's also important to choose the appropriate formulation, considering the potential risks associated with certain ingredients. 

Despite the potential risks, many pregnant women find Bio-Oil beneficial for their skin. Here are some potential benefits.

The oils in Bio-Oil, such as sunflower oil and vitamin E, can help moisturize the skin, reducing dryness and irritation. This is especially important during pregnancy, as hormonal changes can lead to dry, itchy skin. 

Pregnancy can sometimes trigger skin inflammation, leading to redness and discomfort. Bio-Oil's ingredients, such as chamomile and lavender oil, have soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin. These natural oils work to reduce inflammation, providing relief from the itchiness and redness associated with pregnancy-related skin conditions. 

As your belly grows during pregnancy, your skin stretches to accommodate the changes. Bio-Oil aims to support your skin's elasticity by keeping it hydrated and supple. This can help reduce the appearance of stretch marks, those unsightly lines that can develop on your skin due to rapid stretching. However, it's important to remember that genetics also plays a significant role in stretch mark formation. While Bio-Oil can help, it's not a guaranteed solution. 

Health Conditions A-Z

health

Safe To Use Bio-Oil

Bio-Oil During Pregnancy

rosemary

retinol

hydrationthe

rosemary oilstudy

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Bio-oil is a popular skincare product that claims to improve the appearance of scars, stretch marks, uneven skin tone, and dehydration. It's a blend of plant-based oils, vitamins, and minerals. These ingredients work together to hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote skin cell turnover. Many pregnant women use bio-oil to help with the stretchmarks that come along with growing a human being in your body. But many people have questioned the validity of it and whether it is okay for pregnant women to use. Is Bio-Oil Safe During Pregnancy?While many pregnant women turn to Bio-Oil to help prevent stretch marks, it's important to consider its potential risks. Some experts do not believe it is safe for pregnant women to use because of its content. Here are some things you should keep in mind.Retinol ContentThe original formulation of Bio-Oil contains retinyl palmitate, a form of vitamin A. It has even been classified as a category C product which means that the product shows adverse effects on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans to confirm the risk. You may still use it to despite the potential risk. Retinol is known for its exfoliating and anti-aging properties, but it can be harmful to a developing fetus when used topically during pregnancy. Rosemary OilStudy on Rosemary tells us that both the original and natural formulations of Bio-Oil contain rosemary oil, which can stimulate uterine contractions. While the amount in skincare products is typically low, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before using products containing rosemary oil during pregnancy, especially in the later stages. Benefits Of Bio-OilWhile Bio-Oil can be a helpful skincare product for many, it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using it during pregnancy. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific needs and concerns. It's also important to choose the appropriate formulation, considering the potential risks associated with certain ingredients. Despite the potential risks, many pregnant women find Bio-Oil beneficial for their skin. Here are some potential benefits.HydrationThe oils in Bio-Oil, such as sunflower oil and vitamin E, can help moisturize the skin, reducing dryness and irritation. This is especially important during pregnancy, as hormonal changes can lead to dry, itchy skin. Reduced InflammationPregnancy can sometimes trigger skin inflammation, leading to redness and discomfort. Bio-Oil's ingredients, such as chamomile and lavender oil, have soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin. These natural oils work to reduce inflammation, providing relief from the itchiness and redness associated with pregnancy-related skin conditions. Improved Skin ElasticityAs your belly grows during pregnancy, your skin stretches to accommodate the changes. Bio-Oil aims to support your skin's elasticity by keeping it hydrated and supple. This can help reduce the appearance of stretch marks, those unsightly lines that can develop on your skin due to rapid stretching. However, it's important to remember that genetics also plays a significant role in stretch mark formation. While Bio-Oil can help, it's not a guaranteed solution. 

is it safe to use bio-oil during pregnancy?

Do Not Give Your Kids Smartphones Until They Are This Age – Study Discourages Early Smartphone Access

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Being a parent can be an overwhelming task, kids running amok, household chores that take hours and ensuring the safety of everyone on the home. Combining all of these and trying to do everything at once is a herculean task, too much for a person to handle. Often in these times parents are looking for easier ways to take care of everything, starting with the child. It may seem easier to hand off your smartphone to ensure your child does not run around and stays entertained for a long time, but you could be making a big mistake that will eventually cause your child harm. 

A new study published in the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities found that kids who received a smartphone before age 13 generally had worse mental health and overall well-being as young adults. 

<h2>Early Smartphones Linked to Poorer Mental Health </h2>

Specifically, people aged 18 to 24 who got their first smartphone at age 12 or younger were more likely to experience: 

<ul><li>Suicidal thoughts</li><li>Aggression</li><li>Feeling detached from reality</li><li>Difficulty managing emotions</li><li>Low self-worth</li></ul>

<h2>Social Media's Harmful Influence </h2>

Researchers believe that getting early access to the often-toxic world of social media explains a big part of why young smartphone users had poorer mental health. When kids are very young, their minds are still developing, making them more easily affected by negative online environments. They might not have enough real-world experience to deal with what they see or experience online. Other things that contribute to these problems include cyberbullying, disrupted sleep (because they're on their phones late), and difficulties in family relationships. 

<h2>"Mind Health Quotient" Scores of 100,000 Young Adults </h2>

The study looked at data from over 100,000 young adults globally as part of the Global Mind Project. Participants completed a questionnaire to measure their Mind Health Quotient (MHQ), which assesses overall well-being. 

The results showed that young adults who got their first smartphone before their teenage years had lower MHQ scores. In general, the younger a person received their first smartphone, the worse their mental health and well-being were later on. 

For example, about 48% of girls who got a smartphone at age 5 or 6 reported suicidal thoughts, compared to 28% of those who got one at 13. Girls with early smartphone access also tended to have lower self-image, self-worth, confidence, and emotional resilience. Boys, on the other hand, were more likely to show lower stability, self-worth, and empathy. 

The study dug deeper to find out why this link exists. They found that early access to social media explained about 40% of the connection between getting a smartphone young and having worse mental health as a young adult. Researchers suggest that the way social media apps work, especially with their AI-driven recommendations, can push harmful content and make children compare their lives to seemingly perfect influencers, which can be very damaging. 

Other factors also played a role: poor family relationships accounted for 13% of the link, disrupted sleep for 12%, and cyberbullying for 10%. 

Based on these findings, researchers are urging leaders to take a "precautionary approach," similar to how alcohol and tobacco are regulated. They recommend: 

<ul><li>Restricting smartphone access for children under 13.</li><li>Making digital literacy education mandatory.</li><li>Holding companies accountable for the effects of their platforms.</li></ul>

Some countries like France, the Netherlands, Italy, and New Zealand have already banned or limited cell phone use in schools. In the U.S., several states have also passed laws to limit or ban smartphones in schools. 

While the study cannot directly prove that early smartphone access causes poorer mental health, researchers emphasize that the evidence is strong enough to warrant taking preventative action now. They point out that smartphones are not the only cause of declining mental health in young adults, but they play a significant role. 

Smartphones and kids

Teenagers and smartphones

do smartphones ruin mental health

smartphone and mental health

Teenage mental health

Being a parent can be an overwhelming task, kids running amok, household chores that take hours and ensuring the safety of everyone on the home. Combining all of these and trying to do everything at once is a herculean task, too much for a person to handle. Often in these times parents are looking for easier ways to take care of everything, starting with the child. It may seem easier to hand off your smartphone to ensure your child does not run around and stays entertained for a long time, but you could be making a big mistake that will eventually cause your child harm. A new study published in the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities found that kids who received a smartphone before age 13 generally had worse mental health and overall well-being as young adults. Early Smartphones Linked to Poorer Mental Health Specifically, people aged 18 to 24 who got their first smartphone at age 12 or younger were more likely to experience: Suicidal thoughtsAggressionFeeling detached from realityDifficulty managing emotionsLow self-worthSocial Media's Harmful Influence Researchers believe that getting early access to the often-toxic world of social media explains a big part of why young smartphone users had poorer mental health. When kids are very young, their minds are still developing, making them more easily affected by negative online environments. They might not have enough real-world experience to deal with what they see or experience online. Other things that contribute to these problems include cyberbullying, disrupted sleep (because they're on their phones late), and difficulties in family relationships. "Mind Health Quotient" Scores of 100,000 Young Adults The study looked at data from over 100,000 young adults globally as part of the Global Mind Project. Participants completed a questionnaire to measure their Mind Health Quotient (MHQ), which assesses overall well-being. The results showed that young adults who got their first smartphone before their teenage years had lower MHQ scores. In general, the younger a person received their first smartphone, the worse their mental health and well-being were later on. For example, about 48% of girls who got a smartphone at age 5 or 6 reported suicidal thoughts, compared to 28% of those who got one at 13. Girls with early smartphone access also tended to have lower self-image, self-worth, confidence, and emotional resilience. Boys, on the other hand, were more likely to show lower stability, self-worth, and empathy. Contributing Factors The study dug deeper to find out why this link exists. They found that early access to social media explained about 40% of the connection between getting a smartphone young and having worse mental health as a young adult. Researchers suggest that the way social media apps work, especially with their AI-driven recommendations, can push harmful content and make children compare their lives to seemingly perfect influencers, which can be very damaging. Other factors also played a role: poor family relationships accounted for 13% of the link, disrupted sleep for 12%, and cyberbullying for 10%. Calls for Action Based on these findings, researchers are urging leaders to take a "precautionary approach," similar to how alcohol and tobacco are regulated. They recommend: Restricting smartphone access for children under 13.Making digital literacy education mandatory.Holding companies accountable for the effects of their platforms.Some countries like France, the Netherlands, Italy, and New Zealand have already banned or limited cell phone use in schools. In the U.S., several states have also passed laws to limit or ban smartphones in schools. While the study cannot directly prove that early smartphone access causes poorer mental health, researchers emphasize that the evidence is strong enough to warrant taking preventative action now. They point out that smartphones are not the only cause of declining mental health in young adults, but they play a significant role. 

do not give your kids smartphones until they are this age – study discourages early smartphone access

Ishita Roy

Inner Child: Kids Start Judging Their Bodies Before They Can Even Spell ‘Fat’, The Damage Can Last A Lifetime

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<em><span rel="noindex">Inner Child</span>’ is Health and Me's new mental health series where we deep dive into lesser-known aspects of child psychology and how it shapes you as you grow up. Often unheard, mistaken, and misunderstood, in this series we talk about the children’s perspective and their mental health, something different than you might have read in your <span rel="noindex">parenting</span> books. After all, parenting is not just about teaching but also unlearning.</em>

A new study from Durham University has found that children as young as five years old begin to form their perception of what a "normal" body looks like based purely on visual exposure, and that this perception can be subtly, but powerfully, reshaped by what they repeatedly see around them.

Led by Professor Lynda Boothroyd from Durham's Department of Psychology, the study reveals that just like adults, children’s brains adapt quickly to the images they are exposed to. 

<strong>In the experiment, children aged 7 to 15 were shown a series of body images and asked to rate their heaviness. After viewing either thin or heavy body types repeatedly, their perception of what was “normal” shifted. </strong>

Those who saw heavier figures began rating the same bodies as lighter than they had before — indicating that their internal “model” of a normal body had recalibrated.

This shift wasn’t limited to older children. <strong>The youngest participants, seven-year-olds, too, showed the same level of perceptual flexibility as adults. </strong>

<strong>The implications are significant:</strong> it suggests that by early primary school, and likely even before, children’s views about bodies are already being shaped by their environment, including toys, cartoons, advertisements, and even family comments.

<h4>The Seeds of Self-Image: What Shapes Children Early</h4>

Dr. Sameer Malhotra, Director and Head of the Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, explains that children as young as three to five years old begin internalizing messages about body image, and often in ways adults may not even notice.

“Parental language plays a huge role,” he says. “When a parent casually says, ‘I feel fat today,’ or makes dieting comments, children absorb that. Even if the comment isn’t directed at them, it registers.” Children also learn by imitation. This means they pick up patterns of behavior, tone, and attitudes from parents, siblings, peers, and media.

Toys and cartoons often carry these subtle messages too. 

<strong><em>Dolls with tiny waists, heroes with exaggerated muscles, or villains portrayed as overweight, all reinforce stereotypes.</em></strong> 

“Children's media tends to link thinness with success, beauty, or goodness,” Malhotra adds. “These associations are laid down before a child even begins formal schooling.”

<h4>Words That Stick: The Power of Casual Comments</h4>

Even offhand remarks like “Don’t eat too much, you’ll get fat” or calling someone “too skinny” can significantly influence a child's self-image. Dr. Malhotra points out that such language can link appearance to self-worth, foster guilt around food, and create anxiety about acceptance.

“Children mirror parental opinions. If they hear fat-shaming or appearance-based criticism, they begin to judge themselves and others the same way,” he explains. And these judgments don't remain in childhood, they form the blueprint for how a person thinks about their body throughout life.

While this conditioning starts young, it can also be gently undone. The <span>Durham study</span> highlights the power of simply seeing more diverse body types. According to Dr. Malhotra, both homes and schools can play a big role in broadening what “normal” looks like.

“Including books, posters, and videos that feature people of different body types — not just the slim or athletic ones — helps kids understand that bodies come in all shapes and sizes,” he says.

<strong>Modeling balanced behavior at home: </strong>Focus on eating healthy “to feel strong” rather than “to stay slim.”

Media literacy: Teach children to question what they see in TV, ads, and social media. Help them understand that not everything shown is real or ideal.

<strong>Affirming non-appearance traits: </strong>Compliment children on their creativity, kindness, strength, or curiosity, not just their looks.

<strong>Encouraging open conversations:</strong> Avoiding the topic of body image can make it more taboo. Instead, create space for kids to talk about their feelings and the pressures they may face.

One of the most effective strategies, according to Dr. Malhotra, is for parents to be mindful of their own body image talk.

“If you stand in front of the mirror criticizing your appearance, your child learns that bodies are to be judged,” he explains. “But if you focus on how your body helps you run, cook, or hug your child, that teaches gratitude and respect.”

The Durham study may have focused on how children see, but it’s what they hear and feel, especially from the adults around them, that gives those images meaning. 

In a world of filtered faces and digitally enhanced bodies, helping a child grow up with a grounded, diverse sense of beauty may start with something as simple as changing the channel — or the conversation.

inner child

child forms body perception at age 5

body image issues

parenting

durham study

Inner Child’ is Health and Me's new mental health series where we deep dive into lesser-known aspects of child psychology and how it shapes you as you grow up. Often unheard, mistaken, and misunderstood, in this series we talk about the children’s perspective and their mental health, something different than you might have read in your parenting books. After all, parenting is not just about teaching but also unlearning.A new study from Durham University has found that children as young as five years old begin to form their perception of what a "normal" body looks like based purely on visual exposure, and that this perception can be subtly, but powerfully, reshaped by what they repeatedly see around them.Led by Professor Lynda Boothroyd from Durham's Department of Psychology, the study reveals that just like adults, children’s brains adapt quickly to the images they are exposed to. In the experiment, children aged 7 to 15 were shown a series of body images and asked to rate their heaviness. After viewing either thin or heavy body types repeatedly, their perception of what was “normal” shifted. Those who saw heavier figures began rating the same bodies as lighter than they had before — indicating that their internal “model” of a normal body had recalibrated.This shift wasn’t limited to older children. The youngest participants, seven-year-olds, too, showed the same level of perceptual flexibility as adults. The implications are significant: it suggests that by early primary school, and likely even before, children’s views about bodies are already being shaped by their environment, including toys, cartoons, advertisements, and even family comments.The Seeds of Self-Image: What Shapes Children EarlyDr. Sameer Malhotra, Director and Head of the Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, explains that children as young as three to five years old begin internalizing messages about body image, and often in ways adults may not even notice.“Parental language plays a huge role,” he says. “When a parent casually says, ‘I feel fat today,’ or makes dieting comments, children absorb that. Even if the comment isn’t directed at them, it registers.” Children also learn by imitation. This means they pick up patterns of behavior, tone, and attitudes from parents, siblings, peers, and media.Toys and cartoons often carry these subtle messages too. Dolls with tiny waists, heroes with exaggerated muscles, or villains portrayed as overweight, all reinforce stereotypes. “Children's media tends to link thinness with success, beauty, or goodness,” Malhotra adds. “These associations are laid down before a child even begins formal schooling.”Words That Stick: The Power of Casual CommentsEven offhand remarks like “Don’t eat too much, you’ll get fat” or calling someone “too skinny” can significantly influence a child's self-image. Dr. Malhotra points out that such language can link appearance to self-worth, foster guilt around food, and create anxiety about acceptance.“Children mirror parental opinions. If they hear fat-shaming or appearance-based criticism, they begin to judge themselves and others the same way,” he explains. And these judgments don't remain in childhood, they form the blueprint for how a person thinks about their body throughout life.What Can Be Done?While this conditioning starts young, it can also be gently undone. The Durham study highlights the power of simply seeing more diverse body types. According to Dr. Malhotra, both homes and schools can play a big role in broadening what “normal” looks like.“Including books, posters, and videos that feature people of different body types — not just the slim or athletic ones — helps kids understand that bodies come in all shapes and sizes,” he says.He recommends:Modeling balanced behavior at home: Focus on eating healthy “to feel strong” rather than “to stay slim.”Media literacy: Teach children to question what they see in TV, ads, and social media. Help them understand that not everything shown is real or ideal.Affirming non-appearance traits: Compliment children on their creativity, kindness, strength, or curiosity, not just their looks.Encouraging open conversations: Avoiding the topic of body image can make it more taboo. Instead, create space for kids to talk about their feelings and the pressures they may face.Parents: The First Role ModelsOne of the most effective strategies, according to Dr. Malhotra, is for parents to be mindful of their own body image talk.“If you stand in front of the mirror criticizing your appearance, your child learns that bodies are to be judged,” he explains. “But if you focus on how your body helps you run, cook, or hug your child, that teaches gratitude and respect.”The Durham study may have focused on how children see, but it’s what they hear and feel, especially from the adults around them, that gives those images meaning. In a world of filtered faces and digitally enhanced bodies, helping a child grow up with a grounded, diverse sense of beauty may start with something as simple as changing the channel — or the conversation.

inner child: kids start judging their bodies before they can even spell ‘fat’, the damage can last a lifetime

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Is the sex of your child really just a coin toss? For generations, we’ve accepted the idea that every pregnancy comes with an even 50-50 shot of producing a boy or a girl. But new research suggests that might not be the full story.

A study published in Science Advances challenges this long-held belief and adds a fascinating new layer to our understanding of human reproduction. Drawing from data spanning nearly 60 years and over 58,000 pregnancies, researchers found compelling evidence that the biological sex of children may sometimes run in families — and that age, genetics, and possibly other overlooked factors could nudge the odds away from that supposedly fair coin flip.

At first glance, the logic behind the 50-50 assumption seems solid. Sex in humans is determined primarily by whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg carries an X chromosome (resulting in a girl) or a Y chromosome (resulting in a boy). Since roughly half of a man’s sperm carry each chromosome, it stands to reason that the odds of having a boy or a girl should be equal — right? Not exactly.

Dr. Jorge Chavarro, a reproductive epidemiologist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and senior author of the study, wasn’t so sure. Along with PhD student Siwen Wang and a team of collaborators, Chavarro analyzed pregnancy and birth data from the long-running Nurses' Health Study — a landmark series of investigations into women’s health dating back to 1976. They focused on a group of more than 58,000 women who had at least two children.

The team noticed something striking: far more families than expected had multiple children of the same sex — all girls or all boys — especially among women who had their first child later in life. These clusters couldn’t be explained by chance alone.

In other words, some families seemed “tipped” toward having one sex over the other — and the tilt wasn’t always subtle.

<h2>Why Age Matters But Not In the Way You Think?</h2>

One of the clearest signals in the study was maternal age. Women who had their first child after the age of 28 were about 10% more likely to have all girls or all boys than women who started their families before age 23. It’s a modest but statistically significant increase that held up even after adjusting for various other factors.

It comes down to the biology of reproduction and how it changes over time. As women age, they undergo shifts in the vaginal environment and reproductive hormones that could influence which sperm — X or Y — are more likely to reach and fertilize the egg. For instance:

The vaginal environment may become more acidic with age, and X-carrying sperm (which are slightly larger and more chemically robust) may survive better in such conditions.

The first phase of the menstrual cycle, called the follicular phase, tends to shorten with age. Some researchers believe this could create changes in cervical mucus and oviduct fluid that favor Y sperm instead.

These competing factors mean the impact of aging on sex outcome may not be uniform — it could vary depending on individual biology. But the net result is that older maternal age seems to increase the odds of having children all of the same sex.

Another eye-opening part of the study was its genetic analysis. Researchers examined genetic data from a subset of over 7,500 women and found two specific gene variants that were significantly associated with single-sex offspring.

<strong>One gene variant (located near NSUN6) was linked to having all daughters.</strong>

Another (near TSHZ1) was associated with having all sons.

These genes aren’t currently known to affect fertility or reproduction directly, and their exact roles remain unclear. But their presence suggests a biological basis for sex-skewed births in some families — an area ripe for future research.

In short, while we’ve long believed sex determination is a random roll of the dice, some people might have a “weighted coin” — without ever realizing it.

<h2>Could Behavior Be Driving the Pattern?</h2>

Some might wonder: what if this pattern is just driven by behavior? For instance, parents who have two boys might keep trying until they have a girl, leading to more same-sex siblings by default. The researchers considered this too.

To rule out this explanation, they ran an analysis excluding the last birth in each family — the one most likely to be affected by the decision to stop having more children after getting “one of each.” Even then, the same-sex clustering held strong.

That suggests something deeper is going on, rooted in biology rather than just human choice.

<h2>What This Means for Expecting Parents?</h2>

So, what should couples take away from this? First, there’s no need to overthink your chances if you’re planning to start a family. Across the entire population, the average likelihood of having a boy or a girl still hovers close to 50%. But for some individual families, those odds may be subtly skewed by age, genetics, and biological quirks we’re only beginning to understand.

Importantly, the study also highlights just how much we still don’t know about sex determination and human reproduction. It opens new avenues for exploring how maternal and paternal factors interact — and how genetic and environmental forces shape outcomes in subtle but meaningful ways.

Wang and her team hope to replicate the findings in more diverse populations and include paternal data in future analyses. Since most participants in this study were white and from the U.S., it’s not yet clear how these patterns hold across other racial, ethnic, and geographic groups.

This research doesn’t rewrite the biology of reproduction — but it does suggest that some old assumptions might be oversimplified. Sex may still be determined by the X or Y chromosome in sperm, but the journey to conception is influenced by a dynamic, personal landscape of biological factors.

What the study captures is a new lens: a shift away from the purely statistical view of childbirth toward a more personalized understanding of how life begins.

And perhaps, for families that have always wondered why they have “just boys” or “just girls,” the answer might be: it’s not just chance. It might be part of your biological story written long before the baby arrives.

baby gender prediction

sex ratio science

boy or girl baby

family genetics gender

gender bias pregnancy

why only boys

girl baby probability

Is the sex of your child really just a coin toss? For generations, we’ve accepted the idea that every pregnancy comes with an even 50-50 shot of producing a boy or a girl. But new research suggests that might not be the full story.A study published in Science Advances challenges this long-held belief and adds a fascinating new layer to our understanding of human reproduction. Drawing from data spanning nearly 60 years and over 58,000 pregnancies, researchers found compelling evidence that the biological sex of children may sometimes run in families — and that age, genetics, and possibly other overlooked factors could nudge the odds away from that supposedly fair coin flip.The 50-50 Myth?At first glance, the logic behind the 50-50 assumption seems solid. Sex in humans is determined primarily by whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg carries an X chromosome (resulting in a girl) or a Y chromosome (resulting in a boy). Since roughly half of a man’s sperm carry each chromosome, it stands to reason that the odds of having a boy or a girl should be equal — right? Not exactly.Dr. Jorge Chavarro, a reproductive epidemiologist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and senior author of the study, wasn’t so sure. Along with PhD student Siwen Wang and a team of collaborators, Chavarro analyzed pregnancy and birth data from the long-running Nurses' Health Study — a landmark series of investigations into women’s health dating back to 1976. They focused on a group of more than 58,000 women who had at least two children.The team noticed something striking: far more families than expected had multiple children of the same sex — all girls or all boys — especially among women who had their first child later in life. These clusters couldn’t be explained by chance alone.In other words, some families seemed “tipped” toward having one sex over the other — and the tilt wasn’t always subtle.Why Age Matters But Not In the Way You Think?One of the clearest signals in the study was maternal age. Women who had their first child after the age of 28 were about 10% more likely to have all girls or all boys than women who started their families before age 23. It’s a modest but statistically significant increase that held up even after adjusting for various other factors.It comes down to the biology of reproduction and how it changes over time. As women age, they undergo shifts in the vaginal environment and reproductive hormones that could influence which sperm — X or Y — are more likely to reach and fertilize the egg. For instance:The vaginal environment may become more acidic with age, and X-carrying sperm (which are slightly larger and more chemically robust) may survive better in such conditions.The first phase of the menstrual cycle, called the follicular phase, tends to shorten with age. Some researchers believe this could create changes in cervical mucus and oviduct fluid that favor Y sperm instead.These competing factors mean the impact of aging on sex outcome may not be uniform — it could vary depending on individual biology. But the net result is that older maternal age seems to increase the odds of having children all of the same sex.Another eye-opening part of the study was its genetic analysis. Researchers examined genetic data from a subset of over 7,500 women and found two specific gene variants that were significantly associated with single-sex offspring.One gene variant (located near NSUN6) was linked to having all daughters.Another (near TSHZ1) was associated with having all sons.These genes aren’t currently known to affect fertility or reproduction directly, and their exact roles remain unclear. But their presence suggests a biological basis for sex-skewed births in some families — an area ripe for future research.In short, while we’ve long believed sex determination is a random roll of the dice, some people might have a “weighted coin” — without ever realizing it.Could Behavior Be Driving the Pattern?Some might wonder: what if this pattern is just driven by behavior? For instance, parents who have two boys might keep trying until they have a girl, leading to more same-sex siblings by default. The researchers considered this too.To rule out this explanation, they ran an analysis excluding the last birth in each family — the one most likely to be affected by the decision to stop having more children after getting “one of each.” Even then, the same-sex clustering held strong.That suggests something deeper is going on, rooted in biology rather than just human choice.What This Means for Expecting Parents?So, what should couples take away from this? First, there’s no need to overthink your chances if you’re planning to start a family. Across the entire population, the average likelihood of having a boy or a girl still hovers close to 50%. But for some individual families, those odds may be subtly skewed by age, genetics, and biological quirks we’re only beginning to understand.Importantly, the study also highlights just how much we still don’t know about sex determination and human reproduction. It opens new avenues for exploring how maternal and paternal factors interact — and how genetic and environmental forces shape outcomes in subtle but meaningful ways.Wang and her team hope to replicate the findings in more diverse populations and include paternal data in future analyses. Since most participants in this study were white and from the U.S., it’s not yet clear how these patterns hold across other racial, ethnic, and geographic groups.This research doesn’t rewrite the biology of reproduction — but it does suggest that some old assumptions might be oversimplified. Sex may still be determined by the X or Y chromosome in sperm, but the journey to conception is influenced by a dynamic, personal landscape of biological factors.What the study captures is a new lens: a shift away from the purely statistical view of childbirth toward a more personalized understanding of how life begins.And perhaps, for families that have always wondered why they have “just boys” or “just girls,” the answer might be: it’s not just chance. It might be part of your biological story written long before the baby arrives.

why some families only have boys or girls? science may finally have the 'secret code'

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