Health and Me

Ishita Roy

Medical Memoir: The History Of Period Care Through Years Of Menstrual Products' Evolution

Medical Memoir

Menstrual Products

Menstrual Belt

Menstrual Cups

<i>'<span rel="noindex">Medical Memoir</span>' is a Health &amp; Me series that delves into some of the most intriguing medical histories and unveils how medical innovations have evolved over time. Here, we trace the early stages of all things health, whether a vaccine, a treatment, a pill, or a cure.</i>

Menstrual products have come a long way—from homemade cloth rags and belts to silicone menstrual cups and sleek, leak-proof underwear. The history of these products is as much about medical innovation as it is about cultural taboos, social shifts, and gendered marketing. While nearly half the world menstruates at some point, the journey toward safer, dignified, and sustainable period care has been anything but straightforward.

<h4>Ancient Origins: Creativity and Cultural Beliefs</h4>

Long before commercial products existed, women relied on locally available materials. In ancient Greece, tampon-like devices were reportedly made using lint wrapped around light wood. Egyptian women fashioned internal devices from softened papyrus, while Roman women used wool or cotton pads secured with belts. Meanwhile, Native American women used moss and buffalo skin, and in Equatorial Africa, grass rolls absorbed menstrual blood.

However, these were not necessarily used openly. Menstruation was frequently wrapped in superstition and shame. Ancient texts reveal contradictory beliefs: while Egyptian medical papyri regarded menstrual blood as medicinal, Roman and early Christian texts often considered it impure, even dangerous.

<h4>19th Century: Cloth Pads and the Birth of Sanitary Belts</h4>

By the 1800s, European and American women commonly used reusable cloth rags made from flannel or linen. These were washed and reused but posed hygiene concerns. The late 19th century saw the invention of the sanitary belt—a strap-on belt that held a pad in place. Brands like Southalls’ Shaped Towel Suspender marketed these belts for women “travelling by land or sea.”

In 1896, Johnson &amp; Johnson launched Lister’s Towels, the first disposable sanitary napkins. But cultural stigma around menstruation kept them from selling well; women were reluctant to ask for them in stores.

<h4>Early 20th Century: From Warfront to Women’s Needs</h4>

World War I brought an unexpected breakthrough. Nurses discovered that cellulose bandages, used to stop bleeding on the battlefield, were highly absorbent and cheap. This innovation led to the Kotex sanitary pad, marking one of the first commercially successful disposable <span>period products</span>.

In the 1920s, Fax tampons emerged, though still rudimentary. The most transformative moment came in 1933, when Earle Haas patented the modern tampon with an applicator. Soon after, Gertrude Tendrich, founder of Tampax, bought the patent and established the brand. Even so, tampons faced social resistance, particularly from conservative groups concerned about virginity and morality.

<h4>Mid-20th Century: Belts, Pads, and Patents</h4>

Through the mid-1900s, many women still used sanitary belts. African-American inventor Mary Kenner created an adjustable version in 1956, complete with a moisture-proof pocket. Sadly, her patent was ignored for decades due to racial discrimination.

In the 1970s, beltless pads with adhesive strips revolutionized convenience. Pads now came in various sizes—mini, maxi, with or without wings. Around the same time, feminist movements advocated for reusable options like sea sponges and cloth pads as environmentally conscious alternatives.

<h4>Menstrual Cups: A Quiet Revolution</h4>

Though menstrual cups seem like a recent innovation, the first patent was filed by Leona Chalmers in 1937. Made of latex, her design didn't gain traction due to wartime material shortages and social discomfort.

It wasn’t until 2002 that the Mooncup, a reusable silicone cup, popularized the category. Founder Su Hardy promoted it as a hypoallergenic, eco-friendly product. Unlike tampons or pads, a single menstrual cup could last up to 10 years—dramatically reducing waste. Brands like Tampax followed suit with their own versions in the late 2010s, promoting sustainability.

<h4>Late 20th Century: Safety Concerns and Regulation</h4>

The rise of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in the late 1970s, particularly linked to super-absorbent tampons, led to thousands of hospitalizations and several deaths. This public health crisis sparked stricter regulations and awareness campaigns, including the Tampon Safety Bill (1995) and the General Product Safety Regulation (2005) in the UK.

<h4>21st Century Innovations: Empowerment and Sustainability</h4>

The last two decades have ushered in a period care renaissance. There’s a growing market for organic cotton tampons and pads, biodegradable wrappers, and subscription-based period boxes. Perhaps the biggest innovation has been period panties—moisture-wicking, antimicrobial underwear that replaces pads altogether.

Modern period brands now emphasize body positivity, gender inclusivity, and sustainability. Campaigns no longer whisper "discreet protection" but proudly celebrate menstruators taking control of their health.

Despite all the progress, menstrual stigma lingers. Even in 2025, millions of girls worldwide miss school due to lack of access to period products or sanitation. In many parts of the world, conversations around menstruation remain cloaked in secrecy or shame.

Health Conditions A-Z

health

medical memoir

health and wellness

evolution of menstrual products

period products

menstrual health

reproductive health

womens health

Physician Associates Or Assistant Doctors? Government Review Urges Renaming To Avoid Misunderstandings

NHS Warns People To Look Out For These Symptoms - If It Persists For More Than Two Days, Visit Your Doctor

Shubhanshu Shukla Returns From ISS, What All Medical Examinations Are Lined Up

Health & Wellness

Savory And Smart Ways To Add Broccoli To Your Diet

Calorie Burning Habits That Can Help You Shed Extra Pounds

Yoga Poses That Can Help With Bloating

Fiber-Rich Oatmeal Dishes You Can Have For Breakfast

Signs You Must Visit A Doctor For Your Back Pain

Avocado Meal Prep Ideas To Increase Healthy Fat In Your Diet

Arm Exercises You Can Do At Home

Quick-Office Lunches That Can Keep You Full-Longer

How Increased Screen Time Affects Children's Health

Homemade Recipe To Make Protein-Rich Pancakes With Healthy Alternatives

Push-Up Variations You Can Do At Home

Common Mistakes Running Mistakes People Make

Low-Calorie Foods That Keep You Full For Long

Yoga Poses That Help You Get Rid Of Back Pain

Natural Ways To Increase Protein In Your Diet

Managing Excessive Daytime Sleepiness – Tips To Try

How Much Protein Is Too Much?

High Fiber Indian Foods You Should Try

10 Easy Ways To Boost Daily Fiber Intake

Adding Walnut Oil To Your Diet? Benefits You Should Know

Drinks That Soothe Headaches And Migraines

Waist Exercises For More Toned Belly

This Is How Stress Affects Your Heart

Does Digital ‘Brain Rot’ Really Affect Your Health?

Dishes With Fermented Foods To Eat For Your Gut Health

Yoga Poses That Stimulate Good Bowel Health

Weekend Warrior Exercises For Full Body Movement

Weekend Meal Prep Ideas That Will Last You A Weekend

Easy Homemade Healthy Dishes For Long Afternoons

Silent Walking: Mental Health Booster That Keeps You Fit

Dumbbell Exercises You Can Do At Home

These Foods Are Keeping You Awake At Night

Ways to Manage Sugar Cravings

Your Body Doesn’t Want You To Lose Weight – Here's It Resists

High-Protein No Cook Dishes You Should Try

Yoga Poses That Aid In Digestion

Low Calorie Dinner Options For Weight Loss

Cardiac Arrest Vs. Heart Attack: Difference Explained Under 60 Seconds

High Protein Low-Carb Snacks To Have On The Go

Knee Exercises Desk Workers Should Do For Joint Health

'Medical Memoir' is a Health & Me series that delves into some of the most intriguing medical histories and unveils how medical innovations have evolved over time. Here, we trace the early stages of all things health, whether a vaccine, a treatment, a pill, or a cure.Menstrual products have come a long way—from homemade cloth rags and belts to silicone menstrual cups and sleek, leak-proof underwear. The history of these products is as much about medical innovation as it is about cultural taboos, social shifts, and gendered marketing. While nearly half the world menstruates at some point, the journey toward safer, dignified, and sustainable period care has been anything but straightforward.Ancient Origins: Creativity and Cultural BeliefsLong before commercial products existed, women relied on locally available materials. In ancient Greece, tampon-like devices were reportedly made using lint wrapped around light wood. Egyptian women fashioned internal devices from softened papyrus, while Roman women used wool or cotton pads secured with belts. Meanwhile, Native American women used moss and buffalo skin, and in Equatorial Africa, grass rolls absorbed menstrual blood.However, these were not necessarily used openly. Menstruation was frequently wrapped in superstition and shame. Ancient texts reveal contradictory beliefs: while Egyptian medical papyri regarded menstrual blood as medicinal, Roman and early Christian texts often considered it impure, even dangerous.19th Century: Cloth Pads and the Birth of Sanitary BeltsBy the 1800s, European and American women commonly used reusable cloth rags made from flannel or linen. These were washed and reused but posed hygiene concerns. The late 19th century saw the invention of the sanitary belt—a strap-on belt that held a pad in place. Brands like Southalls’ Shaped Towel Suspender marketed these belts for women “travelling by land or sea.”In 1896, Johnson & Johnson launched Lister’s Towels, the first disposable sanitary napkins. But cultural stigma around menstruation kept them from selling well; women were reluctant to ask for them in stores.Early 20th Century: From Warfront to Women’s NeedsWorld War I brought an unexpected breakthrough. Nurses discovered that cellulose bandages, used to stop bleeding on the battlefield, were highly absorbent and cheap. This innovation led to the Kotex sanitary pad, marking one of the first commercially successful disposable period products.In the 1920s, Fax tampons emerged, though still rudimentary. The most transformative moment came in 1933, when Earle Haas patented the modern tampon with an applicator. Soon after, Gertrude Tendrich, founder of Tampax, bought the patent and established the brand. Even so, tampons faced social resistance, particularly from conservative groups concerned about virginity and morality.Mid-20th Century: Belts, Pads, and PatentsThrough the mid-1900s, many women still used sanitary belts. African-American inventor Mary Kenner created an adjustable version in 1956, complete with a moisture-proof pocket. Sadly, her patent was ignored for decades due to racial discrimination.In the 1970s, beltless pads with adhesive strips revolutionized convenience. Pads now came in various sizes—mini, maxi, with or without wings. Around the same time, feminist movements advocated for reusable options like sea sponges and cloth pads as environmentally conscious alternatives.Menstrual Cups: A Quiet RevolutionThough menstrual cups seem like a recent innovation, the first patent was filed by Leona Chalmers in 1937. Made of latex, her design didn't gain traction due to wartime material shortages and social discomfort.It wasn’t until 2002 that the Mooncup, a reusable silicone cup, popularized the category. Founder Su Hardy promoted it as a hypoallergenic, eco-friendly product. Unlike tampons or pads, a single menstrual cup could last up to 10 years—dramatically reducing waste. Brands like Tampax followed suit with their own versions in the late 2010s, promoting sustainability.Late 20th Century: Safety Concerns and RegulationThe rise of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in the late 1970s, particularly linked to super-absorbent tampons, led to thousands of hospitalizations and several deaths. This public health crisis sparked stricter regulations and awareness campaigns, including the Tampon Safety Bill (1995) and the General Product Safety Regulation (2005) in the UK.21st Century Innovations: Empowerment and SustainabilityThe last two decades have ushered in a period care renaissance. There’s a growing market for organic cotton tampons and pads, biodegradable wrappers, and subscription-based period boxes. Perhaps the biggest innovation has been period panties—moisture-wicking, antimicrobial underwear that replaces pads altogether.Modern period brands now emphasize body positivity, gender inclusivity, and sustainability. Campaigns no longer whisper "discreet protection" but proudly celebrate menstruators taking control of their health.Despite all the progress, menstrual stigma lingers. Even in 2025, millions of girls worldwide miss school due to lack of access to period products or sanitation. In many parts of the world, conversations around menstruation remain cloaked in secrecy or shame.

medical memoir: the history of period care through years of menstrual products' evolution

Aarushi Bhadury

Cancer Clinical Trials Face Low Participation - Why Are More People Not Encouraged To Try?

cancer clinical trials face low participation - why are more people not encouraged to try?

Health News

Air Pollution Is Doing More Than Clogging Your Lungs, It Is Now Linked To Brain Tumour

air pollution is doing more than clogging your lungs, it is now linked to brain tumour

Measles Death In Liverpool Highlights Vaccine Urgency For Children: Here's What Parents Need To know

liverpool measles death alerted urgency around child mmr vaccines: here's all that you need to know

AIIMS Oncologist Reveals Why Oral Health Could Tip The Scale In Cancer Survival In Southeast Asia

lancet study reveals why oral health could tip the scale in cancer survival in southeast asia

A recent independent review suggests that staff who help doctors in hospitals and GP offices, who are called <span>Physician Associates</span> (PAs) and Anaesthesia Associates (AAs), should be renamed "assistants." The review that has been in work since the past year has finally presented its findings and results. The <span>Leng review</span> has been looking into the various aspects of AAs and PAs to understand where there are shortcomings and why must there be changes. 

One of the biggest issues that people have with PAs and AAs is confusing them with doctors. The review also recommends that these assistants wear specific uniforms and badges to clearly tell them apart from doctors. Crucially, it states that these assistants should not be the ones to diagnose patients' illnesses. 

The <span>UK Department of Health</span> &amp; Social Care called for this review last year due to ongoing debates about the exact roles and duties of these healthcare professionals. When PAs and AAs were first brought into the <span>NHS</span> in the early 2000s, there wasn't a clear plan for how they would fit into existing medical teams. This led to a lot of confusion about what they were supposed to do. Sometimes, when there weren't enough doctors, PAs filled in, even without the extensive training doctors receive, and without proper guidance from supervisors. 

The report gives a full picture of the role of Medical Associate Professionals (MAPs) in UK healthcare. 

<h2>Tragic Cases Highlight Confusion </h2>

The review heard from families who lost loved ones after they were treated by PAs, mistakenly believing they were qualified doctors. For example, a young woman died from a blood clot after being seen twice by <span>a Physician Associate</span> who thought her calf pain was just a sprain. 

Another family shared how their elderly mother died from an infection after a PA treated her in hospital. While these families do not blame the assistants, they stress the need for much clearer identification and roles. They believe that in stressful hospital situations, patients and families might not fully grasp who is treating them. 

<h2>Scrutiny And Problems Faced By MAPs </h2>

However, the College of Medical Associate Professionals also present the value of MAPs and how the public views them needs to get better. News and social media have sometimes created misunderstandings about what MAPs do and how they fit into healthcare teams. Patients sometimes get confused, thinking a PA is a doctor, even when efforts are made to explain the role. There's a need for clear public education campaigns to help people understand and accept MAPs in the NHS. 

The report also highlights that MAPs are facing significant stress and negative feelings because of the current environment, which many call an "anti-MAP campaign." This negativity affects their mental health both at work and at home. They point to media stories, social media attacks, and strict new rules as major causes of distress. 

Worryingly, bullying and harassment at work are common. Over a third of qualified MAPs reported being bullied, and many experienced online harassments. A large number of student MAPs also faced bullying during their training. These experiences have led many MAPs to consider leaving their jobs or actually leaving. Women MAPs and those from minority ethnic backgrounds were more affected, making up a larger share of those who left their jobs despite being a smaller group overall in the workforce. 

The British Medical Association responds to the review highlighted that the report reveals how NHS England allowed these new roles to grow without properly checking if they were safe. They point to a lack of strong national leadership, no clear accountability, and a failure to listen to concerns raised by doctors, patients, and even coroners (who investigate deaths). 

The BMA argues that allowing the roles of doctors and non-doctors to become unclear, even with the help of the General Medical Council (GMC), has been a serious problem. Many doctors, they say, will feel that their earlier warnings were justified. 

<h2>Key Steps Taken to <span rel="noindex">Improve Medical</span> Assistant Roles </h2>

While the proposed name change is a positive step, many in the medical community believe more needs to be done to clearly define what these assistants can and cannot do to ensure safe teamwork in the NHS. 

This report makes several important recommendations for Medical Associate Professionals (MAPs), like Physician Associates (PAs) and Anaesthesia Associates (AAs), to make their roles clearer and more effective. 

The report strongly suggests creating official rules and standards for MAPs. This will help make sure they are held accountable and that the public trusts them more. Since new rules are already being put in place, this should bring more trust and stability to their roles. 

It also recommends giving MAPs the ability to prescribe medicine and order certain X-rays. This change would allow them to do their jobs more efficiently and use their skills better. There should also be national standards for their training after they qualify and for how they can move up in their careers. This will ensure that MAPs across the country receive consistent training and development. 

The report advises putting more money into planning the healthcare workforce. This will allow for the smart growth of MAP roles, making sure there are enough of them to meet the needs of the NHS. MAPs can actually help improve the training of junior doctors, rather than hindering it. 

Better teamwork and strong leadership will help MAPs fit in well, creating a unified healthcare team that benefits both medical staff and patients. The report also suggests doing regular checks using anonymous feedback from patients to keep track of how MAPs are performing and their overall impact. 

Finally, the report highlights that the well-being of MAPs is a widespread issue within the healthcare system, not just about individual toughness. The rules set by medical groups must be made with the input of MAP leaders and checked carefully to ensure they don't unfairly exclude anyone. Feeling respected and safe at work is extremely important for keeping staff, ensuring patients are safe, and providing good care. 

physician associates

a physician associate

improve medical

UK Department of Health

Leng Review

A recent independent review suggests that staff who help doctors in hospitals and GP offices, who are called Physician Associates (PAs) and Anaesthesia Associates (AAs), should be renamed "assistants." The review that has been in work since the past year has finally presented its findings and results. The Leng review has been looking into the various aspects of AAs and PAs to understand where there are shortcomings and why must there be changes. One of the biggest issues that people have with PAs and AAs is confusing them with doctors. The review also recommends that these assistants wear specific uniforms and badges to clearly tell them apart from doctors. Crucially, it states that these assistants should not be the ones to diagnose patients' illnesses. The UK Department of Health & Social Care called for this review last year due to ongoing debates about the exact roles and duties of these healthcare professionals. When PAs and AAs were first brought into the NHS in the early 2000s, there wasn't a clear plan for how they would fit into existing medical teams. This led to a lot of confusion about what they were supposed to do. Sometimes, when there weren't enough doctors, PAs filled in, even without the extensive training doctors receive, and without proper guidance from supervisors. The report gives a full picture of the role of Medical Associate Professionals (MAPs) in UK healthcare. Tragic Cases Highlight Confusion The review heard from families who lost loved ones after they were treated by PAs, mistakenly believing they were qualified doctors. For example, a young woman died from a blood clot after being seen twice by a Physician Associate who thought her calf pain was just a sprain. Another family shared how their elderly mother died from an infection after a PA treated her in hospital. While these families do not blame the assistants, they stress the need for much clearer identification and roles. They believe that in stressful hospital situations, patients and families might not fully grasp who is treating them. Scrutiny And Problems Faced By MAPs However, the College of Medical Associate Professionals also present the value of MAPs and how the public views them needs to get better. News and social media have sometimes created misunderstandings about what MAPs do and how they fit into healthcare teams. Patients sometimes get confused, thinking a PA is a doctor, even when efforts are made to explain the role. There's a need for clear public education campaigns to help people understand and accept MAPs in the NHS. The report also highlights that MAPs are facing significant stress and negative feelings because of the current environment, which many call an "anti-MAP campaign." This negativity affects their mental health both at work and at home. They point to media stories, social media attacks, and strict new rules as major causes of distress. Worryingly, bullying and harassment at work are common. Over a third of qualified MAPs reported being bullied, and many experienced online harassments. A large number of student MAPs also faced bullying during their training. These experiences have led many MAPs to consider leaving their jobs or actually leaving. Women MAPs and those from minority ethnic backgrounds were more affected, making up a larger share of those who left their jobs despite being a smaller group overall in the workforce. The British Medical Association responds to the review highlighted that the report reveals how NHS England allowed these new roles to grow without properly checking if they were safe. They point to a lack of strong national leadership, no clear accountability, and a failure to listen to concerns raised by doctors, patients, and even coroners (who investigate deaths). The BMA argues that allowing the roles of doctors and non-doctors to become unclear, even with the help of the General Medical Council (GMC), has been a serious problem. Many doctors, they say, will feel that their earlier warnings were justified. Key Steps Taken to Improve Medical Assistant Roles While the proposed name change is a positive step, many in the medical community believe more needs to be done to clearly define what these assistants can and cannot do to ensure safe teamwork in the NHS. This report makes several important recommendations for Medical Associate Professionals (MAPs), like Physician Associates (PAs) and Anaesthesia Associates (AAs), to make their roles clearer and more effective. Clearer Rules and More Power The report strongly suggests creating official rules and standards for MAPs. This will help make sure they are held accountable and that the public trusts them more. Since new rules are already being put in place, this should bring more trust and stability to their roles. It also recommends giving MAPs the ability to prescribe medicine and order certain X-rays. This change would allow them to do their jobs more efficiently and use their skills better. There should also be national standards for their training after they qualify and for how they can move up in their careers. This will ensure that MAPs across the country receive consistent training and development. Better Teamwork and Support The report advises putting more money into planning the healthcare workforce. This will allow for the smart growth of MAP roles, making sure there are enough of them to meet the needs of the NHS. MAPs can actually help improve the training of junior doctors, rather than hindering it. Better teamwork and strong leadership will help MAPs fit in well, creating a unified healthcare team that benefits both medical staff and patients. The report also suggests doing regular checks using anonymous feedback from patients to keep track of how MAPs are performing and their overall impact. Supporting MAPs' Well-being Finally, the report highlights that the well-being of MAPs is a widespread issue within the healthcare system, not just about individual toughness. The rules set by medical groups must be made with the input of MAP leaders and checked carefully to ensure they don't unfairly exclude anyone. Feeling respected and safe at work is extremely important for keeping staff, ensuring patients are safe, and providing good care. 

physician associates or assistant doctors? government review urges renaming to avoid misunderstandings

Pneumonic Plague Death Raises Alarm, Can Prairie Dogs Be The Cause Of It?

pneumonic plague death raises alarm, can prairie dogs be the cause of it?

Common Tell-Tale Signs Of Prediabetes You Should Be Aware Of

common tell-tale signs of prediabetes you should be aware of

Australia Sees Rise In Meningococcal Disease: What You Need To Know About Symptoms And Vaccination

australia sees rise in meningococcal disease: what you need to know about symptoms and vaccination

As summers progress in the UK, people are planning out vacations, and a restful summer evening as the long days give plenty of room to do things you wish to even after you finish your work. However, these plans can very well come to an end if you do not take the correct precautions. 

The NHS has sent out an important alert because cases of <span>norovirus</span>, also known as the "<span>winter vomiting bug</span>," are higher than usual. Although norovirus, seasonally, is a bigger issue in winter, the rising number of cases prompted the NHS to warn people. In a social media post on platform X, they explained that this highly contagious illness is causing widespread concern, and the NHS is urging people to be aware of its symptoms. They've noted that while norovirus can spread all year round, current numbers are particularly elevated.

<h2>Norovirus: Symptoms and Self-Care </h2>

Norovirus typically causes <span>diarrhea and vomiting</span>. While these symptoms are very uncomfortable, they usually get better within a couple of days. The NHS advises that for most people, treating themselves at home is the best approach, emphasizing the importance of drinking plenty of fluids to <span>avoid dehydration</span>. Common symptoms of norovirus include: 

<ul><li>Sudden nausea (feeling sick)</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Diarrhea</li><li>Sometimes a fever, headaches, stomach cramps, and aching limbs</li></ul>

Recent data from the UK shows a significant increase in reported norovirus cases. Between May 26 and June 29 this year, there were over 16,600 cases, which is much higher than the average for the same period over the past five years. 

However, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has also reported that norovirus cases are now starting to decline and are returning to expected levels after a seasonal peak. Even with this decline, the number of reports in recent weeks was still higher than the five-year average for that same time frame, mainly due to a high number of cases reported earlier in the period. 

Due to the contagious nature of the virus, one must remember to take correct precautions not to spread them. Even a small, seemingly insignificant move could cause you to become a carrier. 

<ul><li>Don't wash your hands properly after using the toilet.</li><li>Are in close contact with someone who has the virus.</li><li>Touch surfaces or objects that have the virus and then touch your mouth.</li><li>Eat food prepared by someone with norovirus.</li><li>Consume contaminated water or food.</li></ul>

To help stop norovirus from spreading, the NHS recommends some important steps. Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet, changing diapers, or before preparing or eating food. It's also important to remember that alcohol-based hand gels don't kill norovirus, so soap and water are essential. 

If your clothes or bedding get soiled with vomit or feces, wash them at 60°C (140°F) and separately from other laundry. One must remember to regularly clean shared surfaces like toilet seats, flush handles, taps, and bathroom door handles. You must also try to avoid contact with others as much as possible if you feel unwell. 

If you or your child start showing symptoms of norovirus, it's really important to stay home. Do not go to school, nursery, or work until you haven't thrown up or had diarrhea for two full days (48 hours). This helps prevent the virus from spreading further. Similarly, avoid visiting people in hospitals or care homes during this time. If you or your child have diarrhea that lasts for more than seven days, or if vomiting continues for more than two days, seek medical help. 

Norovirus

Norovirus symptoms

winter vomiting bug

is norovirus contagious

avoid dehydration

diarrhea and vomiting

As summers progress in the UK, people are planning out vacations, and a restful summer evening as the long days give plenty of room to do things you wish to even after you finish your work. However, these plans can very well come to an end if you do not take the correct precautions. The NHS has sent out an important alert because cases of norovirus, also known as the "winter vomiting bug," are higher than usual. Although norovirus, seasonally, is a bigger issue in winter, the rising number of cases prompted the NHS to warn people. In a social media post on platform X, they explained that this highly contagious illness is causing widespread concern, and the NHS is urging people to be aware of its symptoms. They've noted that while norovirus can spread all year round, current numbers are particularly elevated. Norovirus: Symptoms and Self-Care Norovirus typically causes diarrhea and vomiting. While these symptoms are very uncomfortable, they usually get better within a couple of days. The NHS advises that for most people, treating themselves at home is the best approach, emphasizing the importance of drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Common symptoms of norovirus include: Sudden nausea (feeling sick)VomitingDiarrheaSometimes a fever, headaches, stomach cramps, and aching limbsRecent Case Numbers Recent data from the UK shows a significant increase in reported norovirus cases. Between May 26 and June 29 this year, there were over 16,600 cases, which is much higher than the average for the same period over the past five years. However, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has also reported that norovirus cases are now starting to decline and are returning to expected levels after a seasonal peak. Even with this decline, the number of reports in recent weeks was still higher than the five-year average for that same time frame, mainly due to a high number of cases reported earlier in the period. How Norovirus Spreads Due to the contagious nature of the virus, one must remember to take correct precautions not to spread them. Even a small, seemingly insignificant move could cause you to become a carrier. Don't wash your hands properly after using the toilet.Are in close contact with someone who has the virus.Touch surfaces or objects that have the virus and then touch your mouth.Eat food prepared by someone with norovirus.Consume contaminated water or food.Preventing the Spread To help stop norovirus from spreading, the NHS recommends some important steps. Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet, changing diapers, or before preparing or eating food. It's also important to remember that alcohol-based hand gels don't kill norovirus, so soap and water are essential. If your clothes or bedding get soiled with vomit or feces, wash them at 60°C (140°F) and separately from other laundry. One must remember to regularly clean shared surfaces like toilet seats, flush handles, taps, and bathroom door handles. You must also try to avoid contact with others as much as possible if you feel unwell. When to Stay Home and When to Seek Help If you or your child start showing symptoms of norovirus, it's really important to stay home. Do not go to school, nursery, or work until you haven't thrown up or had diarrhea for two full days (48 hours). This helps prevent the virus from spreading further. Similarly, avoid visiting people in hospitals or care homes during this time. If you or your child have diarrhea that lasts for more than seven days, or if vomiting continues for more than two days, seek medical help. 

nhs warns people to look out for these symptoms - if it persists for more than two days, visit your doctor

Veteran Actor Dheeraj Kumar Dies At 79 Due To Acute Pneumonia

veteran actor dheeraj kumar dies at 79 due to acute pneumonia

Fitness

Exercising At This Time Of The Day Not Only Helps Your Heart, But Also Strengthens Your Lungs

exercising at this time of the day not only helps your heart, but also strengthens your lungs

Damar Hamlin Is Back For 2025 NFL Season, But His Cardiac Arrest Has Changed The Course Of The Game

damar hamlin is back for 2025 nfl season, but his cardiac arrest has changed the course of the game

New Weekly Injection Could Revolutionize Parkinson’s Treatment

new weekly injection could revolutionize parkinson’s treatment

<span>Shubhanshu Shukla</span>, the Indian Air Force Group Captain is back on Earth after spending 18 days aboard the International Space Station (<span>ISS</span>). What now awaits is a long list of medical examination to ensure that Shukla and the other astronauts from Poland and Hungary are in good health. 

<h2>What Are The Post-flight Medical Examinations For Astronauts?</h2>

The journey back from space marks the start of a whole new phase for astronauts. Just after splashdown, Group Captain Shukla and his fellow crewmates were helped out of the capsule by SpaceX recovery teams. Once aboard the recovery vessel, they underwent initial medical checks to assess their vital signs and general health.

These immediate tests are part of a broader post-flight health monitoring protocol aimed at studying how spaceflight affects the human body. Since astronauts’ health parameters are recorded before launch, comparing them with post-landing data helps scientists understand the impact of microgravity on various body systems.

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/after-jannik-sinner-tara-moore-makes-news-failing-her-doping-test-resulting-in-a-4-year-long-ban-article-152286981" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">After Jannik Sinner, Tara Moore Makes News Failing Her Doping Test, Resulting In A 4-Year Long Ban</a>

As the pilot of the Axiom-4 mission, Shukla will undergo an extensive series of assessments — from cardiovascular and immune system checks to balance, coordination, and psychological evaluations. 

Over the coming weeks, both NASA and the Indian Air Force will monitor his physical and mental recovery closely.

Readjusting to Earth’s gravity is not instant. In space, the lack of gravity leads to muscle weakening, bone density loss, and a fluid shift in the body that can affect circulation and organ function. To counter this, astronauts follow a personalized reconditioning plan designed to help their bodies re-adapt. These programmes focus not only on regaining strength but also on retraining the body’s proprioception — the sensory system that allows us to sense our position and movement, which becomes disoriented in space.

<h2>Life in Microgravity: What It Feels Like</h2>

Speaking from the International Space Station during the mission, Shukla had shared the strange feeling of disorientation he experienced during his initial days in orbit. “It’s the first time for me, so I don’t know what to expect [upon return],” he said. “The only hope is — I did have some symptoms coming up — so I am hoping that I will not have it going down. Unless and until I get the worst of both worlds and I get it both the times.”

Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/veteran-actor-dheeraj-kumar-dies-at-79-due-to-acute-pneumonia-article-152287216" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Veteran Actor Dheeraj Kumar Dies At 79 Due To Acute Pneumonia</a>

Many astronauts deal with “space motion sickness” during the early days of their mission. This occurs when the brain receives mixed signals from the inner ear, which is crucial for balance on Earth. Upon return, the challenge reverses — as the body tries to function under the force of gravity again, simple actions like standing or walking can temporarily become difficult.

According to official reports, Shukla and his team will soon be transported to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston for further recovery and evaluation, either by sea or air.

As per Polash Sannigarhi, Chief Instructor, Aeromedical, Training Center, Air Force Station Hindan, Ghaziabad, there are many rounds of medical checks that an astronaut undergoes. Being a flight surgeon himself, he writes in the paper, "<em>Post-flight rehabilitation of an astronaut after long duration mission in space: Through the eyes of a flight surgeon</em>" published in 2023. 

Medical assessments begin within a day of landing (R+1) and cover a wide range of investigations:

<strong>Laboratory Tests: </strong>Conducted per NASA’s MEDB guidelines to assess biochemical and physiological parameters.

<strong>Physical Examination: </strong>Daily systemic check-ups by a flight surgeon to monitor overall health.

<strong>Anthropometry:</strong> Measurement of height and body mass to assess fluid shift and skeletal changes.

<strong>Psychological Assessments: </strong>Conducted privately by a mission psychologist on R+1 and R+10.

<strong>Sensorimotor and Vestibular Tests: </strong>Includes dynamic posturography and mobility assessments to evaluate balance and spatial orientation.

<strong>Ophthalmologic and Audiological Tests: </strong>Exams such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, orbital MRI, and audiometry.

<strong>Cardiorespiratory Assessment: </strong>ECG post-landing and spiro-ergometry on R+5 to assess VO₂ max.

Nutritional, Radiation, and Sleep Assessments: Involves dietary surveys, urine and blood sampling, dosimeter analysis, and sleep quality tracking.

<strong>Radiological Imaging: </strong>Targeted MRIs and ultrasounds are performed based on clinical indications.

<h2>Post-flight Physical Rehabilitation</h2>

This begins as early as the first day post-landing and is tailored to individual needs. A multidisciplinary team — including a Flight Surgeon, Physiotherapist, and Exercise Specialist — oversees it.

<strong>Initial Days (R0–R+1):</strong> Massage therapy for muscle relaxation.

<strong>R+2 to R+7: </strong>Structured exercise routines, including warm-ups, back and leg activation exercises, gait training, balance drills, and posture work using equipment like resistance bands.

<strong>Hydrotherapy (Following Week): </strong>Aquatic activities like aqua jogging and ball games mimic microgravity and help recondition muscles in a low-impact environment.

Core anti-gravity muscles such as the multifidus and transversus abdominis are monitored using ultrasound to track structural recovery. Flexibility and proprioception exercises are gradually reintroduced. Astronauts avoid jumping or high-impact activities until deemed fit by the team.

Each day concludes with team reviews to adapt the next day’s plan based on physical response. The program’s primary goal is to return astronauts to their pre-flight physical condition safely, without overexertion or injury.

shubhanshu shukla

subhanshu shukla

Air space

medical checks for astronauts

india health news

health news

Shubhanshu Shukla, the Indian Air Force Group Captain is back on Earth after spending 18 days aboard the International Space Station (ISS). What now awaits is a long list of medical examination to ensure that Shukla and the other astronauts from Poland and Hungary are in good health. What Are The Post-flight Medical Examinations For Astronauts?The journey back from space marks the start of a whole new phase for astronauts. Just after splashdown, Group Captain Shukla and his fellow crewmates were helped out of the capsule by SpaceX recovery teams. Once aboard the recovery vessel, they underwent initial medical checks to assess their vital signs and general health.These immediate tests are part of a broader post-flight health monitoring protocol aimed at studying how spaceflight affects the human body. Since astronauts’ health parameters are recorded before launch, comparing them with post-landing data helps scientists understand the impact of microgravity on various body systems.Also Read: After Jannik Sinner, Tara Moore Makes News Failing Her Doping Test, Resulting In A 4-Year Long BanAs the pilot of the Axiom-4 mission, Shukla will undergo an extensive series of assessments — from cardiovascular and immune system checks to balance, coordination, and psychological evaluations. Over the coming weeks, both NASA and the Indian Air Force will monitor his physical and mental recovery closely.Readjusting to Earth’s gravity is not instant. In space, the lack of gravity leads to muscle weakening, bone density loss, and a fluid shift in the body that can affect circulation and organ function. To counter this, astronauts follow a personalized reconditioning plan designed to help their bodies re-adapt. These programmes focus not only on regaining strength but also on retraining the body’s proprioception — the sensory system that allows us to sense our position and movement, which becomes disoriented in space.Life in Microgravity: What It Feels LikeSpeaking from the International Space Station during the mission, Shukla had shared the strange feeling of disorientation he experienced during his initial days in orbit. “It’s the first time for me, so I don’t know what to expect [upon return],” he said. “The only hope is — I did have some symptoms coming up — so I am hoping that I will not have it going down. Unless and until I get the worst of both worlds and I get it both the times.”Also Read: Veteran Actor Dheeraj Kumar Dies At 79 Due To Acute PneumoniaMany astronauts deal with “space motion sickness” during the early days of their mission. This occurs when the brain receives mixed signals from the inner ear, which is crucial for balance on Earth. Upon return, the challenge reverses — as the body tries to function under the force of gravity again, simple actions like standing or walking can temporarily become difficult.According to official reports, Shukla and his team will soon be transported to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston for further recovery and evaluation, either by sea or air.Post-Flight RehabilitationAs per Polash Sannigarhi, Chief Instructor, Aeromedical, Training Center, Air Force Station Hindan, Ghaziabad, there are many rounds of medical checks that an astronaut undergoes. Being a flight surgeon himself, he writes in the paper, "Post-flight rehabilitation of an astronaut after long duration mission in space: Through the eyes of a flight surgeon" published in 2023. Post-flight Medical EvaluationMedical assessments begin within a day of landing (R+1) and cover a wide range of investigations:Laboratory Tests: Conducted per NASA’s MEDB guidelines to assess biochemical and physiological parameters.Physical Examination: Daily systemic check-ups by a flight surgeon to monitor overall health.Anthropometry: Measurement of height and body mass to assess fluid shift and skeletal changes.Psychological Assessments: Conducted privately by a mission psychologist on R+1 and R+10.Sensorimotor and Vestibular Tests: Includes dynamic posturography and mobility assessments to evaluate balance and spatial orientation.Ophthalmologic and Audiological Tests: Exams such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, orbital MRI, and audiometry.Cardiorespiratory Assessment: ECG post-landing and spiro-ergometry on R+5 to assess VO₂ max.Nutritional, Radiation, and Sleep Assessments: Involves dietary surveys, urine and blood sampling, dosimeter analysis, and sleep quality tracking.Radiological Imaging: Targeted MRIs and ultrasounds are performed based on clinical indications.Post-flight Physical RehabilitationThis begins as early as the first day post-landing and is tailored to individual needs. A multidisciplinary team — including a Flight Surgeon, Physiotherapist, and Exercise Specialist — oversees it.Initial Days (R0–R+1): Massage therapy for muscle relaxation.R+2 to R+7: Structured exercise routines, including warm-ups, back and leg activation exercises, gait training, balance drills, and posture work using equipment like resistance bands.Hydrotherapy (Following Week): Aquatic activities like aqua jogging and ball games mimic microgravity and help recondition muscles in a low-impact environment.Core anti-gravity muscles such as the multifidus and transversus abdominis are monitored using ultrasound to track structural recovery. Flexibility and proprioception exercises are gradually reintroduced. Astronauts avoid jumping or high-impact activities until deemed fit by the team.Each day concludes with team reviews to adapt the next day’s plan based on physical response. The program’s primary goal is to return astronauts to their pre-flight physical condition safely, without overexertion or injury.

shubhanshu shukla returns from iss, what all medical examinations are lined up

About Us

Contact Us

Terms & Conditions

Company

Health and Me is a premium website with content written and curated to function as a handbook for all Health concerns.

Medical Memoir: The History Of Period Care Through Years Of Menstrual Products' Evolution

Quick Stories

Physician Associates Or Assistant Doctors? Government Review Urges Renaming To Avoid Misunderstandings

NHS Warns People To Look Out For These Symptoms - If It Persists For More Than Two Days, Visit Your Doctor

Shubhanshu Shukla Returns From ISS, What All Medical Examinations Are Lined Up

Health Conditions A-Z

Physician Associates Or Assistant Doctors? Government Review Urges Renaming To Avoid Misunderstandings

NHS Warns People To Look Out For These Symptoms - If It Persists For More Than Two Days, Visit Your Doctor

Shubhanshu Shukla Returns From ISS, What All Medical Examinations Are Lined Up