Health and Me

Tanya Dutt

Millions At Risk As Chikungunya Virus Threatens Global Health, Warns WHO; Can A Mosquito Bite In Monsoon Trigger Severe Symptoms?

The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a grim warning about a large-scale outbreak of the chikungunya virus is gaining speed—and the initial symptoms are ominously reminiscent. In comparison to the catastrophic 2004–2005 epidemic that started in the Indian Ocean region and later reached hundreds of thousands of people all over the world, WHO experts are calling on governments to take action before the same repeats itself.

Dr. Diana Rojas Alvarez, WHO’s technical lead for chikungunya, told reporters in Geneva that the virus is now being detected in 119 countries, putting 5.6 billion people at risk. The warning is not hypothetical. Already in 2025, regions like Réunion, Mayotte, and Mauritius have seen major outbreaks. In Réunion alone, nearly one-third of the population is estimated to have been infected.

What’s different this time is the potential for global scale and speed, thanks to interconnected travel, shifting climates, and growing populations of virus-carrying mosquitoes. And while the name “chikungunya” may not be widely known outside scientific circles, its impact can be life-altering—if not deadly.

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), typically transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, the same mosquitoes that spread dengue and Zika viruses. These insects bite mostly during the daytime with peak activity in the morning and late afternoon.

The virus causes sudden onset of high fever, intense joint pain, headaches, rash, and muscle aches. The joint pain can become so severe that it bends sufferers into contorted postures—an origin of the disease’s name, which comes from a Makonde word meaning “that which bends up.”

While the majority of patients recover within a week, some symptoms—particularly joint pain—can persist for months or even years. In rare cases, chikungunya can cause neurological, cardiac or ophthalmic complications. Newborns, older adults and those with chronic medical conditions face a higher risk of severe disease or death.

Although the case fatality rate remains under 1%, WHO warns that large-scale outbreaks could mean thousands of deaths, especially in countries with under-resourced health systems.

According to WHO, the trajectory of the current outbreaks strangely mirrors that of the 2004–2005 epidemic. It began in small island nations before spreading across the Indian Ocean and into Asia, Africa and beyond. Today, similar trends are being observed with:

<ul><li>Réunion has reported over 51,000 cases as of May 2025</li><li>Mayotte, another French territory, has recorded 560 cases, pushing it into an epidemic phase</li><li>Madagascar, Somalia, and Kenya are now reporting new clusters</li><li>South Asia is experiencing epidemic-level transmission</li><li>France has confirmed 30 local cases across 12 regions, with the largest cluster in Salon-de-Provence</li><li>Italy reported its first locally acquired case since 2017 in Piacenza</li></ul>

Even countries like Portugal have reported dengue and chikungunya cases in 2025, highlighting how climate change and international travel are making vector-borne illnesses harder to contain.

Dr. Rojas Alvarez emphasized, “We are raising the alarm early so countries can prepare early—strengthening detection, prevention, and response systems is key.”

<h2>Why Europe and the US Should Pay Attention?</h2>

For decades, chikungunya was seen as a “tropical” disease, limited to warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

The Aedes albopictus, or tiger mosquito, is expanding its range northward due to warming temperatures and human-driven climate change. These mosquitoes have already become established in parts of southern Europe and even the southeastern United States. And with imported cases from travelers on the rise, localized outbreaks are becoming increasingly plausible.

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently launched updated guidance on mosquito-borne illnesses and emphasized the growing risk of local transmission. In addition to chikungunya, local dengue cases have been reported in Italy, France and Portugal in 2025.

<h2>How Can People Protect Themselves?</h2>

There’s no antiviral treatment for chikungunya, and supportive care—hydration, rest, and pain relief—is the mainstay of treatment. That makes prevention the most powerful tool. The WHO and ECDC recommend the following steps:

<ul><li>Use mosquito repellents with DEET or picaridin on skin and clothing</li><li>Wear long sleeves and pants, especially during mosquito-active hours</li><li>Install screens on windows and doors, and use insecticide-treated mosquito nets when sleeping</li><li>Empty standing water from containers like buckets, pots, and old tires, where mosquitoes lay eggs</li><li>Avoid outdoor activity during early morning and late afternoon, especially in outbreak zones</li></ul><h2>Has Vaccine Become The New Line of Defense?</h2>

In a significant step, UK has approved a chikungunya vaccine which contains a weakened version of the virus that trains the immune system to produce antibodies. The vaccine is prescription-only and is currently recommended for people traveling to high-risk areas. However, it is not without limitations. The Commission on Human Medicines has advised caution in people aged 65 and older, pending further evaluation.

Until now, all we had were repellents and mosquito nets. With this vaccine, people who travel frequently or live in endemic areas now have another layer of protection. Still, experts advise travelers to assess their personal risk. If you're taking a one-off trip to France, your risk is low but if you're planning repeated travel to areas with outbreaks, vaccination may be worthwhile.

<h2>Does Climate Change Affect Incidence Rate?</h2>

Chikungunya and other mosquito-borne diseases are moving into new regions and our global health systems are scrambling to keep up. The convergence of climate change, urbanization, and international mobility is creating the perfect storm for diseases like chikungunya, dengue, and Zika to flourish.

As WHO warns, the time to act is now. That means not only educating the public and travelers but also investing in surveillance, vector control, and vaccine distribution especially in lower-income countries where health infrastructure is fragile. In 2005, the world was caught off guard and in 2025, we don’t have that excuse.

Health Conditions A-Z

health

chikungunya virus outbreak

who global warning

mosquito borne diseases

chikungunya symptoms

tropical virus threat

global health alert

vector borne infections

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The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a grim warning about a large-scale outbreak of the chikungunya virus is gaining speed—and the initial symptoms are ominously reminiscent. In comparison to the catastrophic 2004–2005 epidemic that started in the Indian Ocean region and later reached hundreds of thousands of people all over the world, WHO experts are calling on governments to take action before the same repeats itself.Dr. Diana Rojas Alvarez, WHO’s technical lead for chikungunya, told reporters in Geneva that the virus is now being detected in 119 countries, putting 5.6 billion people at risk. The warning is not hypothetical. Already in 2025, regions like Réunion, Mayotte, and Mauritius have seen major outbreaks. In Réunion alone, nearly one-third of the population is estimated to have been infected.What’s different this time is the potential for global scale and speed, thanks to interconnected travel, shifting climates, and growing populations of virus-carrying mosquitoes. And while the name “chikungunya” may not be widely known outside scientific circles, its impact can be life-altering—if not deadly.Why Is Chikungunya Dangerous?Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), typically transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, the same mosquitoes that spread dengue and Zika viruses. These insects bite mostly during the daytime with peak activity in the morning and late afternoon.The virus causes sudden onset of high fever, intense joint pain, headaches, rash, and muscle aches. The joint pain can become so severe that it bends sufferers into contorted postures—an origin of the disease’s name, which comes from a Makonde word meaning “that which bends up.”While the majority of patients recover within a week, some symptoms—particularly joint pain—can persist for months or even years. In rare cases, chikungunya can cause neurological, cardiac or ophthalmic complications. Newborns, older adults and those with chronic medical conditions face a higher risk of severe disease or death.Although the case fatality rate remains under 1%, WHO warns that large-scale outbreaks could mean thousands of deaths, especially in countries with under-resourced health systems.According to WHO, the trajectory of the current outbreaks strangely mirrors that of the 2004–2005 epidemic. It began in small island nations before spreading across the Indian Ocean and into Asia, Africa and beyond. Today, similar trends are being observed with:Réunion has reported over 51,000 cases as of May 2025Mayotte, another French territory, has recorded 560 cases, pushing it into an epidemic phaseMadagascar, Somalia, and Kenya are now reporting new clustersSouth Asia is experiencing epidemic-level transmissionFrance has confirmed 30 local cases across 12 regions, with the largest cluster in Salon-de-ProvenceItaly reported its first locally acquired case since 2017 in PiacenzaEven countries like Portugal have reported dengue and chikungunya cases in 2025, highlighting how climate change and international travel are making vector-borne illnesses harder to contain.Dr. Rojas Alvarez emphasized, “We are raising the alarm early so countries can prepare early—strengthening detection, prevention, and response systems is key.”Why Europe and the US Should Pay Attention?For decades, chikungunya was seen as a “tropical” disease, limited to warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas.The Aedes albopictus, or tiger mosquito, is expanding its range northward due to warming temperatures and human-driven climate change. These mosquitoes have already become established in parts of southern Europe and even the southeastern United States. And with imported cases from travelers on the rise, localized outbreaks are becoming increasingly plausible.The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently launched updated guidance on mosquito-borne illnesses and emphasized the growing risk of local transmission. In addition to chikungunya, local dengue cases have been reported in Italy, France and Portugal in 2025.How Can People Protect Themselves?There’s no antiviral treatment for chikungunya, and supportive care—hydration, rest, and pain relief—is the mainstay of treatment. That makes prevention the most powerful tool. The WHO and ECDC recommend the following steps:Use mosquito repellents with DEET or picaridin on skin and clothingWear long sleeves and pants, especially during mosquito-active hoursInstall screens on windows and doors, and use insecticide-treated mosquito nets when sleepingEmpty standing water from containers like buckets, pots, and old tires, where mosquitoes lay eggsAvoid outdoor activity during early morning and late afternoon, especially in outbreak zonesHas Vaccine Become The New Line of Defense?In a significant step, UK has approved a chikungunya vaccine which contains a weakened version of the virus that trains the immune system to produce antibodies. The vaccine is prescription-only and is currently recommended for people traveling to high-risk areas. However, it is not without limitations. The Commission on Human Medicines has advised caution in people aged 65 and older, pending further evaluation.Until now, all we had were repellents and mosquito nets. With this vaccine, people who travel frequently or live in endemic areas now have another layer of protection. Still, experts advise travelers to assess their personal risk. If you're taking a one-off trip to France, your risk is low but if you're planning repeated travel to areas with outbreaks, vaccination may be worthwhile.Does Climate Change Affect Incidence Rate?Chikungunya and other mosquito-borne diseases are moving into new regions and our global health systems are scrambling to keep up. The convergence of climate change, urbanization, and international mobility is creating the perfect storm for diseases like chikungunya, dengue, and Zika to flourish.As WHO warns, the time to act is now. That means not only educating the public and travelers but also investing in surveillance, vector control, and vaccine distribution especially in lower-income countries where health infrastructure is fragile. In 2005, the world was caught off guard and in 2025, we don’t have that excuse.

millions at risk as chikungunya virus threatens global health, warns who; can a mosquito bite in monsoon trigger severe symptoms?

World Sjogren’s Day 2025: Why This “Mild” Autoimmune Condition Can Be Life-Altering

World Sjögren’s Day 2025: Theme, Significance And Why This “Mild” Autoimmune Condition Can Be Life-Altering

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Sjögren’s Syndrome is one of the most common yet misunderstood autoimmune disorders in the world today. It’s often brushed off as a “dry eye and dry mouth” condition, but what many don’t realize is that this chronic, systemic illness can severely affect multiple organs—sometimes leading to irreversible complications. With July 23 marking World Sjögren’s Day, experts are urging for more awareness, earlier diagnosis, and a patient-first approach to treatment.

World Sjögren’s Day is observed every year on July 23, to honor Dr. Henrik Sjögren—the Swedish ophthalmologist who first identified the condition in 1933. The day is not just symbolic. It’s a global movement to educate the public, highlight patient voices, and push for research and policy changes.

The 2025 theme “Awareness Through Research” puts the spotlight on how patients—when given the space to share their experiences—can drive scientific breakthroughs and better clinical outcomes.

Sjögren’s Disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells—primarily the moisture-producing glands. Most commonly, this results in dry eyes and dry mouth, but Sjögren’s doesn’t stop there. It can also affect other parts of the body including the joints, lungs, kidneys, nerves, digestive system, and even the skin.

The condition is often misdiagnosed or diagnosed late because its symptoms—like fatigue, burning eyes, or trouble swallowing—are frequently dismissed as signs of aging, stress, or dehydration. That delay in diagnosis can be dangerous, since Sjögren’s is also linked to a higher risk of lymphoma, a type of cancer.

It affects an estimated 4 million people in the U.S., mostly women over 40, though it can occur at any age. While there is no cure, early detection and a coordinated care approach can significantly improve quality of life and prevent long-term damage.

In the U.S. alone, an estimated 4 million people live with Sjögren’s. Yet, for most patients, getting diagnosed takes 3 to 5 years, sometimes longer. Dr. Pawan Gupta, Senior Cataract &amp; Retina Surgeon, explains why, “Symptoms like dry eyes, fatigue or dry mouth are so common, they’re often misattributed to dehydration, stress, screen time or aging. This leads to delayed referrals and misdiagnoses.”

That delay is costly, Sjögren’s doesn’t just stay in the eyes and mouth—it can quietly affect lungs, kidneys, nerves, joints and even increase the risk of lymphoma.

<h2>What are the early signs and symptoms of Sjogren’s Syndrome?</h2>

While every case is different, the most reported symptoms include:

<ul><li>Persistent dry eyes or burning sensation</li><li>Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing</li><li>Chronic fatigue</li><li>Joint pain</li><li>Dental cavities or oral infections</li><li>Vaginal dryness</li><li>Brain fog or memory lapses</li></ul>

These may seem harmless at first—but when ignored, they point to a deeper autoimmune imbalance that can worsen with time.

<h2>Why Sjögren’s Isn’t Just a ‘Mild Autoimmune Condition’?</h2>

Sjogren’s Syndrome is often mistakenly believed to be a mild autoimmune disease because the early symptoms, dry eyes and dry mouth, seem harmless and are easily overlooked. Dr Pawan says, "This disease can be anything but minor. It is a systemic autoimmune disorder that results when the body's immune system attacks the glands that produce moisture, namely the lacrimal ) and salivary glands. This can lead to serious complications, involving multiple organs, over time, it goes from discomfort to widespread complications."

Sjogren's progresses to potentially affect the lungs, kidneys, joints, nerves, and gastrointestinal system. "Many patients also suffer from chronic fatigue, debilitating pain in their joints and an increased risk for lymphoma. The complexity of the condition may require a multi-specialty approach that involves a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist and pulmonologist. The perception that Sjogren’s is a benign condition, means that aggressive management is delayed and can potentially deprive patients of optimal quality of life. Time is of the essence for early intervention to stop irreversible damage, especially to the eyes and internal organs. Sjögren’s should be viewed as a serious, chronic and often progressive disease requiring long-term comprehensive care management," adds Dr Pawan.

<h2>Does Sjögren’s Syndrome Takes Years to Diagnose?</h2>

Sjögren’s Syndrome can take many years to identify, and Dr Gupta evidently explains, "Since the early symptoms of dry mouth, dry eyes, and mild fatigue could be easily ascribed to more common and easily explained reasons such as dehydration, adverse effects of medications, or just aging. Physicians might not think of the diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder without other obvious pertinent reasons or signs. In addition, these early symptoms might accompany other disorders and clinical conditions, making other relevant areas of differential diagnosis difficult."

Initially in their disease, most of the general physicians they visit would not recognize the underlying immune dysfunction and that treating the symptoms may be treating the symptoms only. Another aspect that doesn't make diagnosis easier is the process to obtain a definitive diagnosis. There is not a single definitive test for Sjögren’s. Most patients receive a diagnosis following a battery of lab tests, eye exams, imaging, or biopsies of salivary glands and extensive history, simultaneously and serologically completing the diagnostic picture. As Sjogren progresses slowly, there may not be systemic problems until much later in the disease, delaying diagnosis even longer. 

"Delaying the diagnosis of Sjogren’s means the patients will suffer for a longer period and are at increased risk from complications due to it being an auto-immune disorder. Increasing awareness about early symptoms of patients and having physicians diagnosing and referring to rheumatologists may assist in achieving timely diagnosis and management of this complex disease," emphasises Dr Gupta.

<h2>Does Dry Eyes Become a Progressive, Permanent Risk for Sjögren’s Syndrome?</h2>

Yes, if untreated, dry eyes can become a progressive and potentially permanent problem for those with Sjogren's Syndrome. In Sjogren's Syndrome, the immune system attacks the lacrimal glands and dramatically decreases the production of tears. When that happens, the natural tear film that protects and nourishes your eye can become unstable, leading to certain ocular issues such as irritation, blurred vision, burning, and potentially corneal damage in long-standing situations. 

As a result of untreated dryness, chronic dryness leads to long-term complications in many cases. Serious complications range from corneal ulcers, corneal infections, and lastly, permanent vision loss. Dr Gupta points out, "Treatment for dry eyes in Sjogren's starts with frequent artificial tear use to keep your eye surface moist. In more progressive cases, punctal plugs may assist in holding your natural tears by blocking the drainage through your tear ducts. It is important to follow up regularly with your eye care specialist. Since Sjogren's is progressive, it is good practice to take proactive and continued care of your eyes to preserve vision as well as prevent irreversible damage."

<h2>What are the Treatment Options for Sjögren’s today?</h2>

There is no cure, but a multi-specialty approach helps manage symptoms and slow progression:

For dry eyes: Artificial tears, prescription anti-inflammatories, punctal plugs

For dry mouth: Saliva substitutes, sugar-free lozenges, good oral hygiene, regular dental care

Systemic symptoms: Hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants

Lifestyle adjustments: Hydration, humidifiers, avoiding triggers (like alcohol or caffeine), and pacing energy

Patients often need coordination between a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist, dentist, ENT and sometimes neurologist.

What makes the 2025 theme ‘Awareness Through Research’ important?

This year’s theme recognizes that real progress in Sjögren’s research has come from patients who speak up.

Their stories are shaping new clinical trials, earlier screening tools, and even new drug development. Salivary gland imaging, lab biomarkers, and tear analysis are all becoming more advanced thanks to this growing patient-led momentum.

If you're experiencing persistent dry eyes, dry mouth, or crushing fatigue, don’t dismiss it—and don’t let others dismiss it either. If symptoms don’t improve or begin to cluster, especially with joint pain or swelling, ask your doctor directly about a referral to a rheumatologist. Early intervention can change the course of this disease.

For doctors, it’s time to challenge the common assumptions. Not every case of dry eyes stems from excessive screen time or aging. If your patient presents with multiple vague, systemic complaints—dryness, fatigue, brain fog—consider Sjögren’s syndrome early, rather than as a diagnosis of exclusion.

For the public, awareness is everything. Most people with Sjögren’s don’t “look sick", but behind the scenes, they’re managing a complex, exhausting autoimmune condition daily. Sjögren’s may be quiet, but it’s not mild. It deserves sharper clinical attention, more robust support systems, and far greater visibility in the conversation around chronic illness.

world sjogren day

sjogren syndrome symptoms

autoimmune disease awareness

world sjogren day 2025

dry eyes fatigue cause

sjogren diagnosis

chronic autoimmune illness

invisible illness awareness

Sjögren’s Syndrome is one of the most common yet misunderstood autoimmune disorders in the world today. It’s often brushed off as a “dry eye and dry mouth” condition, but what many don’t realize is that this chronic, systemic illness can severely affect multiple organs—sometimes leading to irreversible complications. With July 23 marking World Sjögren’s Day, experts are urging for more awareness, earlier diagnosis, and a patient-first approach to treatment.World Sjögren’s Day is observed every year on July 23, to honor Dr. Henrik Sjögren—the Swedish ophthalmologist who first identified the condition in 1933. The day is not just symbolic. It’s a global movement to educate the public, highlight patient voices, and push for research and policy changes.The 2025 theme “Awareness Through Research” puts the spotlight on how patients—when given the space to share their experiences—can drive scientific breakthroughs and better clinical outcomes.What is Sjogren's Disease?Sjögren’s Disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells—primarily the moisture-producing glands. Most commonly, this results in dry eyes and dry mouth, but Sjögren’s doesn’t stop there. It can also affect other parts of the body including the joints, lungs, kidneys, nerves, digestive system, and even the skin.The condition is often misdiagnosed or diagnosed late because its symptoms—like fatigue, burning eyes, or trouble swallowing—are frequently dismissed as signs of aging, stress, or dehydration. That delay in diagnosis can be dangerous, since Sjögren’s is also linked to a higher risk of lymphoma, a type of cancer.It affects an estimated 4 million people in the U.S., mostly women over 40, though it can occur at any age. While there is no cure, early detection and a coordinated care approach can significantly improve quality of life and prevent long-term damage.In the U.S. alone, an estimated 4 million people live with Sjögren’s. Yet, for most patients, getting diagnosed takes 3 to 5 years, sometimes longer. Dr. Pawan Gupta, Senior Cataract & Retina Surgeon, explains why, “Symptoms like dry eyes, fatigue or dry mouth are so common, they’re often misattributed to dehydration, stress, screen time or aging. This leads to delayed referrals and misdiagnoses.”That delay is costly, Sjögren’s doesn’t just stay in the eyes and mouth—it can quietly affect lungs, kidneys, nerves, joints and even increase the risk of lymphoma.What are the early signs and symptoms of Sjogren’s Syndrome?While every case is different, the most reported symptoms include:Persistent dry eyes or burning sensationDry mouth and difficulty swallowingChronic fatigueJoint painDental cavities or oral infectionsVaginal drynessBrain fog or memory lapsesThese may seem harmless at first—but when ignored, they point to a deeper autoimmune imbalance that can worsen with time.Why Sjögren’s Isn’t Just a ‘Mild Autoimmune Condition’?Sjogren’s Syndrome is often mistakenly believed to be a mild autoimmune disease because the early symptoms, dry eyes and dry mouth, seem harmless and are easily overlooked. Dr Pawan says, "This disease can be anything but minor. It is a systemic autoimmune disorder that results when the body's immune system attacks the glands that produce moisture, namely the lacrimal ) and salivary glands. This can lead to serious complications, involving multiple organs, over time, it goes from discomfort to widespread complications."Sjogren's progresses to potentially affect the lungs, kidneys, joints, nerves, and gastrointestinal system. "Many patients also suffer from chronic fatigue, debilitating pain in their joints and an increased risk for lymphoma. The complexity of the condition may require a multi-specialty approach that involves a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist and pulmonologist. The perception that Sjogren’s is a benign condition, means that aggressive management is delayed and can potentially deprive patients of optimal quality of life. Time is of the essence for early intervention to stop irreversible damage, especially to the eyes and internal organs. Sjögren’s should be viewed as a serious, chronic and often progressive disease requiring long-term comprehensive care management," adds Dr Pawan.Does Sjögren’s Syndrome Takes Years to Diagnose?Sjögren’s Syndrome can take many years to identify, and Dr Gupta evidently explains, "Since the early symptoms of dry mouth, dry eyes, and mild fatigue could be easily ascribed to more common and easily explained reasons such as dehydration, adverse effects of medications, or just aging. Physicians might not think of the diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder without other obvious pertinent reasons or signs. In addition, these early symptoms might accompany other disorders and clinical conditions, making other relevant areas of differential diagnosis difficult."Initially in their disease, most of the general physicians they visit would not recognize the underlying immune dysfunction and that treating the symptoms may be treating the symptoms only. Another aspect that doesn't make diagnosis easier is the process to obtain a definitive diagnosis. There is not a single definitive test for Sjögren’s. Most patients receive a diagnosis following a battery of lab tests, eye exams, imaging, or biopsies of salivary glands and extensive history, simultaneously and serologically completing the diagnostic picture. As Sjogren progresses slowly, there may not be systemic problems until much later in the disease, delaying diagnosis even longer. "Delaying the diagnosis of Sjogren’s means the patients will suffer for a longer period and are at increased risk from complications due to it being an auto-immune disorder. Increasing awareness about early symptoms of patients and having physicians diagnosing and referring to rheumatologists may assist in achieving timely diagnosis and management of this complex disease," emphasises Dr Gupta.Does Dry Eyes Become a Progressive, Permanent Risk for Sjögren’s Syndrome?Yes, if untreated, dry eyes can become a progressive and potentially permanent problem for those with Sjogren's Syndrome. In Sjogren's Syndrome, the immune system attacks the lacrimal glands and dramatically decreases the production of tears. When that happens, the natural tear film that protects and nourishes your eye can become unstable, leading to certain ocular issues such as irritation, blurred vision, burning, and potentially corneal damage in long-standing situations. As a result of untreated dryness, chronic dryness leads to long-term complications in many cases. Serious complications range from corneal ulcers, corneal infections, and lastly, permanent vision loss. Dr Gupta points out, "Treatment for dry eyes in Sjogren's starts with frequent artificial tear use to keep your eye surface moist. In more progressive cases, punctal plugs may assist in holding your natural tears by blocking the drainage through your tear ducts. It is important to follow up regularly with your eye care specialist. Since Sjogren's is progressive, it is good practice to take proactive and continued care of your eyes to preserve vision as well as prevent irreversible damage."What are the Treatment Options for Sjögren’s today?There is no cure, but a multi-specialty approach helps manage symptoms and slow progression:For dry eyes: Artificial tears, prescription anti-inflammatories, punctal plugsFor dry mouth: Saliva substitutes, sugar-free lozenges, good oral hygiene, regular dental careSystemic symptoms: Hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressantsLifestyle adjustments: Hydration, humidifiers, avoiding triggers (like alcohol or caffeine), and pacing energyPatients often need coordination between a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist, dentist, ENT and sometimes neurologist.What makes the 2025 theme ‘Awareness Through Research’ important?This year’s theme recognizes that real progress in Sjögren’s research has come from patients who speak up.Their stories are shaping new clinical trials, earlier screening tools, and even new drug development. Salivary gland imaging, lab biomarkers, and tear analysis are all becoming more advanced thanks to this growing patient-led momentum.If you're experiencing persistent dry eyes, dry mouth, or crushing fatigue, don’t dismiss it—and don’t let others dismiss it either. If symptoms don’t improve or begin to cluster, especially with joint pain or swelling, ask your doctor directly about a referral to a rheumatologist. Early intervention can change the course of this disease.For doctors, it’s time to challenge the common assumptions. Not every case of dry eyes stems from excessive screen time or aging. If your patient presents with multiple vague, systemic complaints—dryness, fatigue, brain fog—consider Sjögren’s syndrome early, rather than as a diagnosis of exclusion.For the public, awareness is everything. Most people with Sjögren’s don’t “look sick", but behind the scenes, they’re managing a complex, exhausting autoimmune condition daily. Sjögren’s may be quiet, but it’s not mild. It deserves sharper clinical attention, more robust support systems, and far greater visibility in the conversation around chronic illness.

world sjogren’s day 2025: theme, significance and why this “mild” autoimmune condition can be life-altering

Yelena Y. Janjigian

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Could These Common Cancer Drugs Could Be The Key To Reversing And Treating Alzheimer’s?

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Jack Georgakis was in his mid-thirties when he was diagnosed with gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) <span>cancer</span>. Troubles for the hardy New Yorker, who had an active lifestyle that included hobbies such as car racing, riding motorcycles, and working out in the gym, began when he had difficulty swallowing and was initially misdiagnosed. However, he was correctly diagnosed later, and his doctors chose a newer treatment regimen, setting him on the path to recovery. 

Gastric and oesophageal cancers are among the most aggressive cancers, representing the fifth most common cancer worldwide, with 1.7 million new patients diagnosed in 2022.

They are also the fifth highest leading cause of cancer mortality, with approximately 1.2 million deaths expected globally in 2025Traditionally, they are treated with chemotherapy before and after surgery. However, they frequently recur, leaving patients and their families in despair. A trial, whose findings were published in 2025, found that adding <span>immunotherapy</span> to the standard treatment regimen significantly improved survival. Jack is one patient who has undergone this innovative treatment and is a living example of its effectiveness. This new approach can fundamentally alter how these cancers are treated and potentially save millions of lives. 

<h4>What are gastric and oesophageal cancers? </h4>

Gastric cancer, or <span>stomach cancer</span>, occurs when the cells in the lining of the stomach grow abnormally. These cells form a tumour which may spread to other organs, including the lungs and liver. What makes this cancer challenging is that the symptoms only appear in advanced stages, reduces chances of survival.

Oesophageal cancer begins on the lining of the oesophagus, which is a tube that transports food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Tumours usually begin on the innermost layer of this tube and can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. Just like gastric cancer, early-stage oesophageal cancer has no warning signs, and it is diagnosed only after it has spread.

<h4>New study yields promising results </h4>

The groundbreaking clinical trial was led by Dr. Yelena Janjigian, Chief of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK). 

The trial was conducted at 147 study centers across 20 countries worldwide, demonstrating the global commitment to advancing treatment for these aggressive cancers. 

As per studies, the recurrence rate of stomach cancer is between 14% and 60%.

 For oesophageal cancer, this rate is between 36% and 52% post-surgery.iv The new study found that the risk of recurrence was drastically reduced when immunotherapy was included as a part of standard therapy. 

Immunotherapy trains the body’s immune system to recognise and destroy cancer cells. This trial used an immunotherapy drug called durvalumab, which is a checkpoint inhibitor. It works by exposing cancer cells, making it easier for the immune system to detect them. Out of the 948 patients in the trial, half received the usual regimen along with immunotherapy, and the rest received standard therapy alone. 

After two years, 67.4% of the first group did not see a recurrence as compared to 58.5% of the second group. group. Furthermore, the risk of serious side effects from chemotherapy and immunotherapy was relatively low, and no new safety concerns were identified. This treatment did not compromise the patients’ chances for surgery either.

Aggressive cancers are daunting for patients, their families, and healthcare professionals. However, this newer method of treatment for gastric and oesophageal cancer is a clear sign that the tide is turning. The integration of immunotherapy into standard treatment has opened a world of possibilities. As more findings emerge, newer approaches like this can become the new standards for treatment, paving the way for more effective and personalised care. 

cancer

health and wellness

esophageal cancer

stomach cancer

immunotherapy

Jack Georgakis was in his mid-thirties when he was diagnosed with gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Troubles for the hardy New Yorker, who had an active lifestyle that included hobbies such as car racing, riding motorcycles, and working out in the gym, began when he had difficulty swallowing and was initially misdiagnosed. However, he was correctly diagnosed later, and his doctors chose a newer treatment regimen, setting him on the path to recovery. Gastric and oesophageal cancers are among the most aggressive cancers, representing the fifth most common cancer worldwide, with 1.7 million new patients diagnosed in 2022.They are also the fifth highest leading cause of cancer mortality, with approximately 1.2 million deaths expected globally in 2025Traditionally, they are treated with chemotherapy before and after surgery. However, they frequently recur, leaving patients and their families in despair. A trial, whose findings were published in 2025, found that adding immunotherapy to the standard treatment regimen significantly improved survival. Jack is one patient who has undergone this innovative treatment and is a living example of its effectiveness. This new approach can fundamentally alter how these cancers are treated and potentially save millions of lives. What are gastric and oesophageal cancers? Gastric cancer, or stomach cancer, occurs when the cells in the lining of the stomach grow abnormally. These cells form a tumour which may spread to other organs, including the lungs and liver. What makes this cancer challenging is that the symptoms only appear in advanced stages, reduces chances of survival.Oesophageal cancer begins on the lining of the oesophagus, which is a tube that transports food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Tumours usually begin on the innermost layer of this tube and can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. Just like gastric cancer, early-stage oesophageal cancer has no warning signs, and it is diagnosed only after it has spread.New study yields promising results The groundbreaking clinical trial was led by Dr. Yelena Janjigian, Chief of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK). The trial was conducted at 147 study centers across 20 countries worldwide, demonstrating the global commitment to advancing treatment for these aggressive cancers. As per studies, the recurrence rate of stomach cancer is between 14% and 60%. For oesophageal cancer, this rate is between 36% and 52% post-surgery.iv The new study found that the risk of recurrence was drastically reduced when immunotherapy was included as a part of standard therapy. Immunotherapy trains the body’s immune system to recognise and destroy cancer cells. This trial used an immunotherapy drug called durvalumab, which is a checkpoint inhibitor. It works by exposing cancer cells, making it easier for the immune system to detect them. Out of the 948 patients in the trial, half received the usual regimen along with immunotherapy, and the rest received standard therapy alone. After two years, 67.4% of the first group did not see a recurrence as compared to 58.5% of the second group. group. Furthermore, the risk of serious side effects from chemotherapy and immunotherapy was relatively low, and no new safety concerns were identified. This treatment did not compromise the patients’ chances for surgery either.Aggressive cancers are daunting for patients, their families, and healthcare professionals. However, this newer method of treatment for gastric and oesophageal cancer is a clear sign that the tide is turning. The integration of immunotherapy into standard treatment has opened a world of possibilities. As more findings emerge, newer approaches like this can become the new standards for treatment, paving the way for more effective and personalised care. 

could immunotherapy become the new standard after surgery for stomach and esophageal cancer?

Aarushi Bhadury

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Work has slowly become of the most time-consuming things a person goes through as an adult. As a working adult in society, it has become a norm to spend about 40% of your day dedicated to your job. That’s why weekends are a sacred part of corporate culture. Two days out of the whole week to relax and rejuvenate yourself for the next week. While many companies are considering six-day work weeks, studies show that four days' work is enough. 

Workers at companies that switched to a four-day work week found many positive changes. These employees worked 80% of their usual hours but still got the same pay. They reported feeling much less burned out (like feeling completely drained from work). They also felt more satisfied with their jobs, meaning they liked their work more. On top of that, their <span>mental health</span> improved, and they even noticed small improvements in their physical health. The biggest boosts were seen in how they felt about their work and their mental well-being. 

<h2>How Did Shorter Work-Weeks Help? </h2>

To figure this out, researchers conducted trials that lasted six months. They looked at nearly 2,900 employees from 141 different businesses and organizations. These companies were located in various countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the U.K., Ireland, and the U.S., all of whom decided to try out the four-day work week. To see if the changes were really due to the shorter week, the researchers also compared these employees to about 290 workers at 12 other companies that kept their regular five-day work schedule. 

The study found that, on average, employees who went to a four-day week worked five fewer hours each week. The results were even better for those who cut down their work week by eight hours or more—they saw bigger drops in burnout and bigger increases in job satisfaction and mental health compared to people still working five days. But even workers who didn't get a full day off still felt some positive effects, just a little smaller. This showed that there's a direct connection: the more hours you work less, the better you feel. 

Researchers believe that the improvements seen in employees on a four-day work week can be explained by a few things. People were getting better sleep, becoming more effective at their jobs, and feeling less tired. The study suggests that this new way of working helped people change how they did their tasks. It encouraged them to work together to find better, more efficient ways to get things done. This made employees feel more capable and better about their work overall. 

In short, when a whole company reduces work hours, it can motivate everyone to work smarter and improve their processes. This leads to better performance and happier, healthier employees. However, the researchers did point out one important thing: the companies that took part in the study were already interested in trying a four-day work week. This means they might have already been more focused on their employees' well-being from the very beginning. To be sure these benefits apply everywhere, more studies are needed with a wider variety of companies. 

<h2>Protecting Your Worker’s Mental Health Goes A Long Way </h2>

Supporting mental health at work means making sure everyone, especially those in charge like managers, knows how to spot and act on mental health concerns. According to the World Health Organization, this is how investing in your worker’s mental health helps, 

This helps managers understand and respond to employees who are struggling emotionally. It also teaches them important communication skills like talking openly and really listening. Managers will also learn how job stress affects mental health and how to handle it better. 

<h4>Mental Health Training for All Workers </h4>

This training aims to improve everyone's understanding of mental health and reduce the negative feelings or judgment (stigma) often associated with mental health conditions at work. 

This involves giving people ways to build skills for managing stress and reducing symptoms of mental health issues. This can include counseling or therapy, and even encouraging activities like exercise during free time. 

Mental health

Four Day Work Week

Four Day Work Week Benefits

Workers Mental Health

Shorter Work Week better mental health

Protecting Your Workers Mental Health

Work has slowly become of the most time-consuming things a person goes through as an adult. As a working adult in society, it has become a norm to spend about 40% of your day dedicated to your job. That’s why weekends are a sacred part of corporate culture. Two days out of the whole week to relax and rejuvenate yourself for the next week. While many companies are considering six-day work weeks, studies show that four days' work is enough. Workers at companies that switched to a four-day work week found many positive changes. These employees worked 80% of their usual hours but still got the same pay. They reported feeling much less burned out (like feeling completely drained from work). They also felt more satisfied with their jobs, meaning they liked their work more. On top of that, their mental health improved, and they even noticed small improvements in their physical health. The biggest boosts were seen in how they felt about their work and their mental well-being. How Did Shorter Work-Weeks Help? To figure this out, researchers conducted trials that lasted six months. They looked at nearly 2,900 employees from 141 different businesses and organizations. These companies were located in various countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the U.K., Ireland, and the U.S., all of whom decided to try out the four-day work week. To see if the changes were really due to the shorter week, the researchers also compared these employees to about 290 workers at 12 other companies that kept their regular five-day work schedule. The study found that, on average, employees who went to a four-day week worked five fewer hours each week. The results were even better for those who cut down their work week by eight hours or more—they saw bigger drops in burnout and bigger increases in job satisfaction and mental health compared to people still working five days. But even workers who didn't get a full day off still felt some positive effects, just a little smaller. This showed that there's a direct connection: the more hours you work less, the better you feel. Why It Works Researchers believe that the improvements seen in employees on a four-day work week can be explained by a few things. People were getting better sleep, becoming more effective at their jobs, and feeling less tired. The study suggests that this new way of working helped people change how they did their tasks. It encouraged them to work together to find better, more efficient ways to get things done. This made employees feel more capable and better about their work overall. In short, when a whole company reduces work hours, it can motivate everyone to work smarter and improve their processes. This leads to better performance and happier, healthier employees. However, the researchers did point out one important thing: the companies that took part in the study were already interested in trying a four-day work week. This means they might have already been more focused on their employees' well-being from the very beginning. To be sure these benefits apply everywhere, more studies are needed with a wider variety of companies. Protecting Your Worker’s Mental Health Goes A Long Way Supporting mental health at work means making sure everyone, especially those in charge like managers, knows how to spot and act on mental health concerns. According to the World Health Organization, this is how investing in your worker’s mental health helps, Training for Managers This helps managers understand and respond to employees who are struggling emotionally. It also teaches them important communication skills like talking openly and really listening. Managers will also learn how job stress affects mental health and how to handle it better. Mental Health Training for All Workers This training aims to improve everyone's understanding of mental health and reduce the negative feelings or judgment (stigma) often associated with mental health conditions at work. Support for Individuals This involves giving people ways to build skills for managing stress and reducing symptoms of mental health issues. This can include counseling or therapy, and even encouraging activities like exercise during free time. 

four-day work week benefit goes both ways - why companies should invest in worker’s mental health

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