Health and Me

Tanya Dutt

This Common Deficiency Could Raise Your Risk Of COVID-19 Infection

Scientists are investigating whether vitamin D frequently touted for its use in maintaining bone health, could also prevent serious COVID-19 complications. A new study published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS One illuminates this potential, finding that individuals with <span>vitamin D deficiency</span> were 36% more likely to need hospitalization from COVID-19.

The findings point toward a connection between immune resilience and vitamin D levels, even though the data stops short of proving that supplementation can directly reduce the severity of COVID-19. Still, it’s a significant insight in the ongoing effort to identify who remains vulnerable as the world learns to live with the virus.

“We found people with low vitamin D weren’t necessarily more likely to catch COVID-19,” said lead researcher Kerri Beckmann, a senior research fellow at the University of South Australia. “But if they did get infected, their odds of serious illness and hospitalization were notably higher.”

The study tapped into the vast UK Biobank dataset, analyzing health information from over 150,000 participants. Researchers stratified the data by vitamin D levels and tracked COVID-19 outcomes, including infection rates and hospitalization.

Low levels of vitamin D were not associated with a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19. When infected, however, those lacking vitamin D were much more likely to develop severe illness necessitating hospitalization.

It’s an important distinction. While vitamin D won’t necessarily prevent you from contracting COVID, having adequate levels may improve how your body handles the virus similar to how a vaccine booster might reduce the severity of symptoms.

“Vitamin D plays a key role in regulating the immune system, so it’s plausible that low levels may influence how the body responds to infections,” Beckmann explained.

<h2>How Common is Vitamin D Deficiency?</h2>

Surprisingly prevalent. Based on a 2022 study appearing in Frontiers in Nutrition, approximately 22% of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. The rate is even greater among some groups, including individuals with darker skin tone, those who reside in the northern latitudes, and those who have restricted sun exposure because of lifestyle or chronic disease.

Vitamin D is sometimes referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because our bodies produce it by exposing our skin to sunlight. But diet and supplements can also contribute to keeping levels healthy.

The worth of Vitamin D reaches far beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. It's needed for:

Bone health: Vitamin D allows your body to absorb calcium. Without sufficient levels of it, bones become brittle and cause issues such as osteoporosis in adults and rickets in children.

Immune modulation: It assists in modulating innate and adaptive immune reactions — two pillars of your body's defense against disease-causing organisms.

Inflammation regulation: Low blood levels have been associated with higher inflammation, which can lead to worse COVID respiratory outcomes.

And although scientists are hesitant to overhype the value of supplements, it's obvious that having healthy vitamin D levels is part of a larger picture of immune support.

<h2>Should You Start Taking Vitamin D Supplements?</h2>

Not so fast. Experts, including those involved in the study, stress that while the findings are compelling, they do not confirm that vitamin D supplements alone can prevent hospitalization from COVID-19.

“This is an area worth exploring further, but it’s too early to say supplementation is a silver bullet,” Beckmann noted. “Many people with poor overall health also have low vitamin D levels, which complicates the picture.”

That said, for people at risk of deficiency — including older adults, people with limited sun exposure, and those with darker skin — checking vitamin D levels with a healthcare provider could be a smart step, especially if they’re concerned about COVID outcomes.

There are three main sources of vitamin D:

Sunlight: Just 10 to 30 minutes of mid-day sunlight several times a week may be enough for many people, depending on skin tone, geography, and season.

Diet: Not many foods provide vitamin D naturally. The richest sources from food are fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, and trout; egg yolks; mushrooms; and fortified foods such as milk or cereal.

Supplements: If your doctor finds a deficiency, they may suggest a daily supplement. Most adults require 600 IU (15 mcg) daily, while people over 70 need 800 IU (20 mcg).

Be careful with the dosage — too much vitamin D can be toxic and cause such complications as kidney damage.

While COVID-19 is no longer the emergency it once was, the virus still circulates and continues to cause complications — especially among vulnerable populations. Knowing that vitamin D levels may influence how someone fares with an infection opens the door to more targeted prevention efforts.

That might include screening for deficiency in high-risk groups, public health messaging around safe sun exposure, or considering fortified foods in communities with higher rates of deficiency but more research is needed. Clinical trials will be crucial in determining whether vitamin D supplementation could become a recommended part of COVID-19 care protocols. For now, maintaining healthy levels is simply good preventive medicine.

The latest study doesn't claim that vitamin D is a cure for COVID-19. But it adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that micronutrient deficiencies can shape how our bodies respond to viral infections.

In a post-pandemic world where we're learning to coexist with SARS-CoV-2, this kind of insight is valuable — not just for COVID, but for broader public health. As Beckmann summed it up: “COVID may not be the threat it once was, but understanding who is still at risk, and why, will help us stay a step ahead.”

Health Conditions A-Z

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vitamin d covid 19 study

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vitamin d immune support

sunshine vitamin benefits

vitamin d deficiency

supplements for covid

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Scientists are investigating whether vitamin D frequently touted for its use in maintaining bone health, could also prevent serious COVID-19 complications. A new study published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS One illuminates this potential, finding that individuals with vitamin D deficiency were 36% more likely to need hospitalization from COVID-19.The findings point toward a connection between immune resilience and vitamin D levels, even though the data stops short of proving that supplementation can directly reduce the severity of COVID-19. Still, it’s a significant insight in the ongoing effort to identify who remains vulnerable as the world learns to live with the virus.“We found people with low vitamin D weren’t necessarily more likely to catch COVID-19,” said lead researcher Kerri Beckmann, a senior research fellow at the University of South Australia. “But if they did get infected, their odds of serious illness and hospitalization were notably higher.”The study tapped into the vast UK Biobank dataset, analyzing health information from over 150,000 participants. Researchers stratified the data by vitamin D levels and tracked COVID-19 outcomes, including infection rates and hospitalization.Low levels of vitamin D were not associated with a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19. When infected, however, those lacking vitamin D were much more likely to develop severe illness necessitating hospitalization.It’s an important distinction. While vitamin D won’t necessarily prevent you from contracting COVID, having adequate levels may improve how your body handles the virus similar to how a vaccine booster might reduce the severity of symptoms.“Vitamin D plays a key role in regulating the immune system, so it’s plausible that low levels may influence how the body responds to infections,” Beckmann explained.How Common is Vitamin D Deficiency?Surprisingly prevalent. Based on a 2022 study appearing in Frontiers in Nutrition, approximately 22% of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. The rate is even greater among some groups, including individuals with darker skin tone, those who reside in the northern latitudes, and those who have restricted sun exposure because of lifestyle or chronic disease.Vitamin D is sometimes referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because our bodies produce it by exposing our skin to sunlight. But diet and supplements can also contribute to keeping levels healthy.Benefits of Vitamin DThe worth of Vitamin D reaches far beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. It's needed for:Bone health: Vitamin D allows your body to absorb calcium. Without sufficient levels of it, bones become brittle and cause issues such as osteoporosis in adults and rickets in children.Immune modulation: It assists in modulating innate and adaptive immune reactions — two pillars of your body's defense against disease-causing organisms.Inflammation regulation: Low blood levels have been associated with higher inflammation, which can lead to worse COVID respiratory outcomes.And although scientists are hesitant to overhype the value of supplements, it's obvious that having healthy vitamin D levels is part of a larger picture of immune support.Should You Start Taking Vitamin D Supplements?Not so fast. Experts, including those involved in the study, stress that while the findings are compelling, they do not confirm that vitamin D supplements alone can prevent hospitalization from COVID-19.“This is an area worth exploring further, but it’s too early to say supplementation is a silver bullet,” Beckmann noted. “Many people with poor overall health also have low vitamin D levels, which complicates the picture.”That said, for people at risk of deficiency — including older adults, people with limited sun exposure, and those with darker skin — checking vitamin D levels with a healthcare provider could be a smart step, especially if they’re concerned about COVID outcomes.How to Boost Your Vitamin D?There are three main sources of vitamin D:Sunlight: Just 10 to 30 minutes of mid-day sunlight several times a week may be enough for many people, depending on skin tone, geography, and season.Diet: Not many foods provide vitamin D naturally. The richest sources from food are fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, and trout; egg yolks; mushrooms; and fortified foods such as milk or cereal.Supplements: If your doctor finds a deficiency, they may suggest a daily supplement. Most adults require 600 IU (15 mcg) daily, while people over 70 need 800 IU (20 mcg).Be careful with the dosage — too much vitamin D can be toxic and cause such complications as kidney damage.Where Do We Go From Here?While COVID-19 is no longer the emergency it once was, the virus still circulates and continues to cause complications — especially among vulnerable populations. Knowing that vitamin D levels may influence how someone fares with an infection opens the door to more targeted prevention efforts.That might include screening for deficiency in high-risk groups, public health messaging around safe sun exposure, or considering fortified foods in communities with higher rates of deficiency but more research is needed. Clinical trials will be crucial in determining whether vitamin D supplementation could become a recommended part of COVID-19 care protocols. For now, maintaining healthy levels is simply good preventive medicine.The latest study doesn't claim that vitamin D is a cure for COVID-19. But it adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that micronutrient deficiencies can shape how our bodies respond to viral infections.In a post-pandemic world where we're learning to coexist with SARS-CoV-2, this kind of insight is valuable — not just for COVID, but for broader public health. As Beckmann summed it up: “COVID may not be the threat it once was, but understanding who is still at risk, and why, will help us stay a step ahead.”

this common deficiency could raise your risk of covid-19 infection

Supriya Ramesh

Credits: Canva

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When we think of human papillomavirus (<span>HPV</span>), the first association that comes to mind is <span>cervical cancer</span>. That link is well established. But what most people don’t realise is that HPV has now quietly become the leading cause of a completely different and rapidly rising cancer—oropharyngeal cancer—particularly in men. These cancers, which fall under the broader umbrella of head and neck cancers, often strike parts like the tonsils and the base of the tongue.

On World <span>Head and Neck Cancer</span> Day, experts are ringing the alarm bells: it’s time we start talking about HPV in men with the same urgency that we do for women.

According to a 2023 study published in The Lancet Oncology, HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers are now five times more common in men than women. “This isn’t just a medical statistic; it’s a warning signal,” says Dr. Akash Tiwari, Consultant, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology. “We’re seeing a sharp increase in these cases, particularly in high-income countries, and the common link is persistent high-risk HPV infection.”

What’s making men so vulnerable? For starters, transmission. Oral HPV is most commonly passed during intimate skin-to-skin contact, especially through oral sex. Although most HPV infections clear up on their own, some high-risk strains like HPV-16 can hang around silently in the tissues of the throat and, over time, turn cancerous.

<strong>Why Men Struggle to Fight It Off</strong>

“Biologically, men are more likely to contract oral HPV and less likely to clear the infection,” explains Dr. Aarzoo Saliya, Consultant ENT, Head and Neck Onco Surgeon. “It may come down to immune differences, sexual behaviour patterns, or even lack of awareness.”

Unlike many infections that cause noticeable symptoms, oral HPV is sneaky. It often produces no signs, which means people can be completely unaware they’re carrying it or, worse, passing it on. And when symptoms do show up, they’re usually vague, making early diagnosis tough.

<strong>Symptoms You Should Watch For</strong>

HPV-related <span>oropharyngeal cancer</span> doesn’t always scream for attention. But if you’ve had any of these signs persistently, it might be time to get checked:

<ul><li>A constant sore throat that just won’t quit</li><li>Difficulty swallowing</li><li>A lump or swelling in the neck</li><li>Changes in your voice</li><li>Unexplained ear pain</li></ul>

“These aren’t symptoms people usually rush to a doctor for,” says Dr. Tiwari. “But in the context of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer, they’re red flags.” Unlike traditional tobacco- or alcohol-related oral cancers, HPV-related cases often don’t present with obvious visible lesions, which adds to the challenge.

<strong>Prevention Starts Early </strong>

The good news is that we can prevent it. The same HPV vaccine that’s widely recommended for cervical <span>cancer prevention</span> in girls works just as well to prevent the strains of HPV that cause oropharyngeal cancer.

“The most effective way to reduce risk is through timely <span>vaccination</span>,” says Dr. Saliya. “Ideally, the vaccine should be given before someone becomes sexually active; that’s why it’s recommended at ages 11 or 12 but can still be taken up to age 26 if missed earlier.”

Yet, in many places, the uptake of the HPV vaccine among boys remains painfully low, mostly because the risk in men hasn’t received the same attention.

<strong>Changing the Conversation Around HPV</strong>

There’s also a major need to shift public perception. “HPV isn’t just a ‘women’s issue’, and it certainly isn’t just about cervical cancer,” Dr. Tiwari stresses. “It’s a sexually transmitted virus that can affect everyone, and the consequences for men are becoming increasingly clear.”

That means raising awareness around safe sexual practices, routine screenings for those at risk, and greater openness about male HPV-related health risks. Men, particularly young adults, need to be part of the vaccination narrative.

On a day that spotlights head and neck cancers globally, the message is simple but urgent: HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer in men is real, rising, and largely preventable. Ignoring it isn’t just unwise; it’s dangerous. Whether you’re a parent considering the HPV vaccine for your son, a man experiencing persistent symptoms, or someone simply unaware of how far-reaching HPV’s impact can be, now’s the time to pay attention. Early action, education and vaccination can quite literally save lives.

oropharyngeal cancer

throat cancer

vaccination

oral transmission

head and neck cancer

early symptoms

cancer prevention

cervical cancer

Oral Cancer

When we think of human papillomavirus (HPV), the first association that comes to mind is cervical cancer. That link is well established. But what most people don’t realise is that HPV has now quietly become the leading cause of a completely different and rapidly rising cancer—oropharyngeal cancer—particularly in men. These cancers, which fall under the broader umbrella of head and neck cancers, often strike parts like the tonsils and the base of the tongue.On World Head and Neck Cancer Day, experts are ringing the alarm bells: it’s time we start talking about HPV in men with the same urgency that we do for women.More Men, More RiskAccording to a 2023 study published in The Lancet Oncology, HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers are now five times more common in men than women. “This isn’t just a medical statistic; it’s a warning signal,” says Dr. Akash Tiwari, Consultant, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology. “We’re seeing a sharp increase in these cases, particularly in high-income countries, and the common link is persistent high-risk HPV infection.”What’s making men so vulnerable? For starters, transmission. Oral HPV is most commonly passed during intimate skin-to-skin contact, especially through oral sex. Although most HPV infections clear up on their own, some high-risk strains like HPV-16 can hang around silently in the tissues of the throat and, over time, turn cancerous.Why Men Struggle to Fight It Off“Biologically, men are more likely to contract oral HPV and less likely to clear the infection,” explains Dr. Aarzoo Saliya, Consultant ENT, Head and Neck Onco Surgeon. “It may come down to immune differences, sexual behaviour patterns, or even lack of awareness.”Unlike many infections that cause noticeable symptoms, oral HPV is sneaky. It often produces no signs, which means people can be completely unaware they’re carrying it or, worse, passing it on. And when symptoms do show up, they’re usually vague, making early diagnosis tough.Symptoms You Should Watch ForHPV-related oropharyngeal cancer doesn’t always scream for attention. But if you’ve had any of these signs persistently, it might be time to get checked:A constant sore throat that just won’t quitDifficulty swallowingA lump or swelling in the neckChanges in your voiceUnexplained ear pain“These aren’t symptoms people usually rush to a doctor for,” says Dr. Tiwari. “But in the context of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer, they’re red flags.” Unlike traditional tobacco- or alcohol-related oral cancers, HPV-related cases often don’t present with obvious visible lesions, which adds to the challenge.Prevention Starts Early The good news is that we can prevent it. The same HPV vaccine that’s widely recommended for cervical cancer prevention in girls works just as well to prevent the strains of HPV that cause oropharyngeal cancer.“The most effective way to reduce risk is through timely vaccination,” says Dr. Saliya. “Ideally, the vaccine should be given before someone becomes sexually active; that’s why it’s recommended at ages 11 or 12 but can still be taken up to age 26 if missed earlier.”Yet, in many places, the uptake of the HPV vaccine among boys remains painfully low, mostly because the risk in men hasn’t received the same attention.Changing the Conversation Around HPVThere’s also a major need to shift public perception. “HPV isn’t just a ‘women’s issue’, and it certainly isn’t just about cervical cancer,” Dr. Tiwari stresses. “It’s a sexually transmitted virus that can affect everyone, and the consequences for men are becoming increasingly clear.”That means raising awareness around safe sexual practices, routine screenings for those at risk, and greater openness about male HPV-related health risks. Men, particularly young adults, need to be part of the vaccination narrative.Know the Risks, Take ActionOn a day that spotlights head and neck cancers globally, the message is simple but urgent: HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer in men is real, rising, and largely preventable. Ignoring it isn’t just unwise; it’s dangerous. Whether you’re a parent considering the HPV vaccine for your son, a man experiencing persistent symptoms, or someone simply unaware of how far-reaching HPV’s impact can be, now’s the time to pay attention. Early action, education and vaccination can quite literally save lives.

world head and neck cancer day: this common virus is now the top cause of oropharyngeal cancer in men

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Weight loss drugs have become wildly popular in the recent years. However, even though they are popularly known as weight loss drugs they are actually used for a separate purpose, weight loss is just a side effect of the medication. 

Medications like <span>Ozempic</span> and <span>Zepbound</span>, which are primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes and help with weight loss, are showing exciting new potential. They might also be helpful for a wider range of health conditions, from sleep apnea to chronic kidney disease. 

<h2>Diabetes and <span rel="noindex">Weight Loss Medicines</span> </h2>

A recent study published in the JAMA Network Open suggests that these kinds of medications, known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, could offer important protection beyond their usual uses. For people who have both obesity and type 2 diabetes, these drugs might lower their risk of death and reduce the chances of developing two serious brain problems: <span>dementia</span> and a common type of stroke. 

The findings suggest that GLP-1 drugs could do more than just control blood sugar, help with weight loss, and support heart health; they might also directly protect the brain and its blood vessels. 

Scientists had already hinted that GLP-1 drugs might help protect against dementia and stroke. However, there hadn't been many big studies specifically looking at how these drugs affect brain health, especially in people with a high risk, like those who have both type 2 diabetes and obesity. 

 To help answer these questions, researchers looked at seven years of health information from over 60,000 people. All of these individuals had both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Some of them were taking older diabetes medications, while others were prescribed GLP-1 drugs, like those found in popular medications. 

After carefully checking the connections between the medicines and various brain conditions, the scientists found some significant things. People taking a GLP-1 drug had: 

<ul><li>A 37% lower chance of developing dementia.</li><li> A 19% lower chance of having an ischemic stroke, which is the most common kind of stroke, caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain.</li><li> A 30% lower chance of dying from any cause.</li></ul>

The protection against dementia seemed even stronger for women over 60 and for those with a specific body mass index (BMI) range. An expert noted that people in this group have a particularly good chance to improve their brain health. It's important to know that these GLP-1 drugs did not seem to lower the risk of Parkinson's disease or another type of stroke called hemorrhagic stroke, which happens when there's bleeding in the brain. 

This study adds to the growing evidence that GLP-1 receptor agonists are very helpful tools, not just for losing weight and managing diabetes, but possibly for brain health and thinking abilities too. 

However, it's really important to understand that this kind of study only shows a link, not that the drug directly causes the protection. It's possible that other things, like people's daily habits, could have played a role in the results, not just the medication itself. 

Also, the researchers didn't collect detailed information like blood markers, genetic data, or brain scans. Having this kind of information could give much deeper insights into what's actually happening inside the body. The main researcher emphasized that these findings should be looked at carefully and need to be confirmed by more strict studies before doctors start making official recommendations based on them. 

ozempic

weight loss medicines

Weight Loss Drugs For Dementia

Dementia

Cognitive and Cardiovascular

zepbound

Weight loss drugs have become wildly popular in the recent years. However, even though they are popularly known as weight loss drugs they are actually used for a separate purpose, weight loss is just a side effect of the medication. Medications like Ozempic and Zepbound, which are primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes and help with weight loss, are showing exciting new potential. They might also be helpful for a wider range of health conditions, from sleep apnea to chronic kidney disease. Diabetes and Weight Loss Medicines A recent study published in the JAMA Network Open suggests that these kinds of medications, known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, could offer important protection beyond their usual uses. For people who have both obesity and type 2 diabetes, these drugs might lower their risk of death and reduce the chances of developing two serious brain problems: dementia and a common type of stroke. The findings suggest that GLP-1 drugs could do more than just control blood sugar, help with weight loss, and support heart health; they might also directly protect the brain and its blood vessels.  What the Research Discovered Scientists had already hinted that GLP-1 drugs might help protect against dementia and stroke. However, there hadn't been many big studies specifically looking at how these drugs affect brain health, especially in people with a high risk, like those who have both type 2 diabetes and obesity.  To help answer these questions, researchers looked at seven years of health information from over 60,000 people. All of these individuals had both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Some of them were taking older diabetes medications, while others were prescribed GLP-1 drugs, like those found in popular medications. After carefully checking the connections between the medicines and various brain conditions, the scientists found some significant things. People taking a GLP-1 drug had: A 37% lower chance of developing dementia. A 19% lower chance of having an ischemic stroke, which is the most common kind of stroke, caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain. A 30% lower chance of dying from any cause.The protection against dementia seemed even stronger for women over 60 and for those with a specific body mass index (BMI) range. An expert noted that people in this group have a particularly good chance to improve their brain health. It's important to know that these GLP-1 drugs did not seem to lower the risk of Parkinson's disease or another type of stroke called hemorrhagic stroke, which happens when there's bleeding in the brain. Important Things to Consider This study adds to the growing evidence that GLP-1 receptor agonists are very helpful tools, not just for losing weight and managing diabetes, but possibly for brain health and thinking abilities too. However, it's really important to understand that this kind of study only shows a link, not that the drug directly causes the protection. It's possible that other things, like people's daily habits, could have played a role in the results, not just the medication itself. Also, the researchers didn't collect detailed information like blood markers, genetic data, or brain scans. Having this kind of information could give much deeper insights into what's actually happening inside the body. The main researcher emphasized that these findings should be looked at carefully and need to be confirmed by more strict studies before doctors start making official recommendations based on them. 

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The U.S. fertility rate dropped to its lowest recorded point in 2024, with fewer than 1.6 children per woman, according to newly released data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The statistic marks a continuation of a nearly two-decade-long trend in declining birth rates, one that has shifted the United States closer to the demographic profile of Western European countries.

For context, a fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman is considered the “replacement level,” the point at which a generation can, theoretically, replace itself. The U.S. hovered near that threshold until the late 2000s. But since then, it has slipped steadily, and 2024’s rate of 1.599 puts it well below what’s needed for generational stability without immigration.

Behind the numbers are real-world pressures shaping family planning decisions. Today’s young adults are marrying later, starting families later—or opting out entirely. Financial uncertainty plays a significant role.

“People are concerned about whether they can afford to have children—not just the cost of childbirth, but long-term needs like childcare, housing, and health insurance,” said Karen Guzzo, director of the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina. “Worry is not a good moment to have kids.”

The cost of raising a child in the U.S. has climbed steadily, outpacing wage growth in many parts of the country. And while millennials and Gen Z have higher educational attainment than previous generations, they also carry more debt, face steeper housing markets, and often work in jobs with fewer benefits.

To understand the drop in fertility, it's important to zoom out. In the early 1960s, during the postwar baby boom, the U.S. total fertility rate peaked around 3.5. But by the mid-1970s, it had plummeted to 1.7, largely due to the availability of birth control, changing gender roles, and cultural shifts around family size.

There was a brief rebound in the early 2000s, with the rate rising to 2.1 in 2007. But the 2008 financial crisis triggered another sharp downturn—and the recovery in births never quite came.

According to the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics, the fertility rate in 2023 was 1.621, before dipping further to 1.599 in 2024.

<h2>Why Is Trump Administration’s Pushing to Reverse the Trend?</h2>

Concerned about declining birth rates, the Trump administration has recently taken steps to try to stimulate family formation. These include:

<ul><li>An executive order aimed at expanding and reducing the cost of in vitro fertilization (IVF)</li><li>Public endorsements of “baby bonus” incentives, which would provide financial rewards to couples who have children</li></ul>

However, experts remain skeptical of these measures. "These are largely symbolic moves,” said Guzzo. “They don’t address the real obstacles facing families, like paid parental leave, affordable childcare, and housing affordability. Until those are on the table, you’re not going to see a meaningful change.”

While the overall fertility rate declined, total births actually rose in 2024. According to the CDC’s finalized data, there were about 33,000 more births than the previous year, bringing the annual total to just over 3.6 million babies.

This may seem contradictory at first glance. But demographers say it makes sense once you factor in changes in population estimates.

The U.S. Census Bureau updated its estimates for the number of women of childbearing age. The increase in this demographic—largely driven by immigration offset small increases in births in certain age groups, leading to a recalculated (and lower) birth rate.

Initial projections earlier in 2024 suggested that women in their late 20s and 30s were having more children. But the updated report, based on a more complete dataset, found:

<ul><li>Declines in birth rates for women in their 20s and early 30s</li><li>No significant change for women in their late 30s</li></ul>

So while there may have been slightly more babies born, the pool of women able to give birth also grew—especially due to immigrant populations—pulling the overall fertility rate downward.

Not necessarily. Unlike countries like Japan or Italy, where shrinking populations are already straining healthcare systems and economies, the U.S. population is still growing, thanks largely to immigration. And while birth rates are falling, experts emphasize that this is often a delay, not an outright decision never to have children.

“What we’re seeing is people having kids later, not necessarily choosing not to have them at all,” said Root. “The U.S. still has a natural increase—more births than deaths.”

That said, the economic and policy environments matter. In countries like Sweden and France, which offer strong parental leave policies and subsidized childcare, birth rates have remained more stable despite similar social trends.

As debates about immigration and population policy heat up, the fertility rate is increasingly seen as more than just a demographic metric—it’s a political one.

A sustained drop below replacement level, without compensatory immigration, could eventually lead to workforce shortages, strains on entitlement programs, and broader economic shifts. But solutions, experts argue, will require more than one-time bonuses or headline-grabbing executive orders.

If the U.S. wants to encourage family formation, it will need to invest meaningfully in family support systems: paid leave, healthcare, housing, education, and affordable childcare. Otherwise, the gap between ideal family size and actual fertility will continue to widen.

The drop to a 1.599 fertility rate in 2024 is a milestone but not an emergency. It's a reflection of changing cultural, economic, and personal dynamics in American life. Addressing it will require real policy innovation, not just political talking points.

For now, Americans are still having children, just on their own timeline, and often with more questions than confidence.

us fertility rate 2024

historic low birth rate

cdc fertility data

population decline usa

replacement birth rate

The U.S. fertility rate dropped to its lowest recorded point in 2024, with fewer than 1.6 children per woman, according to newly released data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The statistic marks a continuation of a nearly two-decade-long trend in declining birth rates, one that has shifted the United States closer to the demographic profile of Western European countries.For context, a fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman is considered the “replacement level,” the point at which a generation can, theoretically, replace itself. The U.S. hovered near that threshold until the late 2000s. But since then, it has slipped steadily, and 2024’s rate of 1.599 puts it well below what’s needed for generational stability without immigration.Behind the numbers are real-world pressures shaping family planning decisions. Today’s young adults are marrying later, starting families later—or opting out entirely. Financial uncertainty plays a significant role.“People are concerned about whether they can afford to have children—not just the cost of childbirth, but long-term needs like childcare, housing, and health insurance,” said Karen Guzzo, director of the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina. “Worry is not a good moment to have kids.”The cost of raising a child in the U.S. has climbed steadily, outpacing wage growth in many parts of the country. And while millennials and Gen Z have higher educational attainment than previous generations, they also carry more debt, face steeper housing markets, and often work in jobs with fewer benefits.The Long Arc of DeclineTo understand the drop in fertility, it's important to zoom out. In the early 1960s, during the postwar baby boom, the U.S. total fertility rate peaked around 3.5. But by the mid-1970s, it had plummeted to 1.7, largely due to the availability of birth control, changing gender roles, and cultural shifts around family size.There was a brief rebound in the early 2000s, with the rate rising to 2.1 in 2007. But the 2008 financial crisis triggered another sharp downturn—and the recovery in births never quite came.According to the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics, the fertility rate in 2023 was 1.621, before dipping further to 1.599 in 2024.Why Is Trump Administration’s Pushing to Reverse the Trend?Concerned about declining birth rates, the Trump administration has recently taken steps to try to stimulate family formation. These include:An executive order aimed at expanding and reducing the cost of in vitro fertilization (IVF)Public endorsements of “baby bonus” incentives, which would provide financial rewards to couples who have childrenHowever, experts remain skeptical of these measures. "These are largely symbolic moves,” said Guzzo. “They don’t address the real obstacles facing families, like paid parental leave, affordable childcare, and housing affordability. Until those are on the table, you’re not going to see a meaningful change.”While the overall fertility rate declined, total births actually rose in 2024. According to the CDC’s finalized data, there were about 33,000 more births than the previous year, bringing the annual total to just over 3.6 million babies.This may seem contradictory at first glance. But demographers say it makes sense once you factor in changes in population estimates.The U.S. Census Bureau updated its estimates for the number of women of childbearing age. The increase in this demographic—largely driven by immigration offset small increases in births in certain age groups, leading to a recalculated (and lower) birth rate.Initial projections earlier in 2024 suggested that women in their late 20s and 30s were having more children. But the updated report, based on a more complete dataset, found:Declines in birth rates for women in their 20s and early 30sNo significant change for women in their late 30sSo while there may have been slightly more babies born, the pool of women able to give birth also grew—especially due to immigrant populations—pulling the overall fertility rate downward.Should We Be Alarmed?Not necessarily. Unlike countries like Japan or Italy, where shrinking populations are already straining healthcare systems and economies, the U.S. population is still growing, thanks largely to immigration. And while birth rates are falling, experts emphasize that this is often a delay, not an outright decision never to have children.“What we’re seeing is people having kids later, not necessarily choosing not to have them at all,” said Root. “The U.S. still has a natural increase—more births than deaths.”That said, the economic and policy environments matter. In countries like Sweden and France, which offer strong parental leave policies and subsidized childcare, birth rates have remained more stable despite similar social trends.As debates about immigration and population policy heat up, the fertility rate is increasingly seen as more than just a demographic metric—it’s a political one.A sustained drop below replacement level, without compensatory immigration, could eventually lead to workforce shortages, strains on entitlement programs, and broader economic shifts. But solutions, experts argue, will require more than one-time bonuses or headline-grabbing executive orders.If the U.S. wants to encourage family formation, it will need to invest meaningfully in family support systems: paid leave, healthcare, housing, education, and affordable childcare. Otherwise, the gap between ideal family size and actual fertility will continue to widen.The drop to a 1.599 fertility rate in 2024 is a milestone but not an emergency. It's a reflection of changing cultural, economic, and personal dynamics in American life. Addressing it will require real policy innovation, not just political talking points.For now, Americans are still having children, just on their own timeline, and often with more questions than confidence.

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