Many seasonal ailments accompany winter, the flu being the most recent example. However, with winter laying low this season due to climate change, Valley fever is growing to become a health risk in the United States. Parts of the US, especially the southwestern states including Arizona and California have reported an increase in the cases of this fungal lung infection. This has raised concerns among health professionals.What exactly is Valley Fever?Valley fever, or coccidioidomycosis, is a lung infection caused by inhaling fungal spores found in dirt and dust. The fungus, Coccidioides, thrives in hot, dry climates, releasing spores when the soil is disturbed. Some activities could trigger the disturbance of soil like construction, hiking, and even dust storms can disperse these spores into the air.Although the infection is not contagious and most cases resolve without treatment, a small percentage of patients develop severe complications.Signs and SymptomsSymptoms of Valley fever typically appear one to three weeks after exposure and may include:Fever and cough, Fatigue. Shortness of breath, Muscle or joint pain, and HeadachesMany mistake these symptoms for pneumonia, which means they may have Valley fever but are not aware of it. This is why regular testing, especially in those areas where Valley fever is prevalent is advised.How to diagnose Valley fever and can it be prevented?A blood test is required to diagnose Valley fever. This is because a routine lab work often misses this fungal infection. Experts also suggest that individuals experiencing persistent or severe flu-like symptoms, particularly in regions where Valley fever is common, should consider testing.Experts have also pointed out that most cases resolve without intervention. However, there are cases of severe infections, which may require oral antifungal medications for three to six months. Standard antibacterial or antiviral treatments are ineffective because Valley fever is caused by a fungus.Are there rare cases and exceptions too? Yes. In rare cases, where the infection spreads beyond the lungs, aggressive medical intervention is necessary. Disseminated Valley fever occurs in up to 2% of cases and can have serious, life-threatening consequences.Climate and Environmental FactorsWhat can trigger these bacteria to be released? Fluctuating weather patterns, influenced by climate change, are contributing to the rise and spread of Valley fever. The fungus thrives in arid conditions like those found in Arizona’s Maricopa County, which accounts for nearly half of all U.S. cases.Unprecedented heatwaves and reduced precipitation create ideal conditions for fungal growth. Activities that disturb soil, such as windstorms or outdoor recreational activities, further increase the risk of exposure.Experts believe that climate change would expand the fungus's endemic distribution northward, potentially reaching the Canadian border by the end of the century.The development of a Valley fever vaccine is now underway. Researchers have successfully developed a vaccine for dogs, which are also susceptible to the sickness, and are currently working on adapting it for humans. A federally approved vaccine for dogs is expected to be available by next year, and researchers are hopeful that a human version will follow.Prevention and AwarenessVaccine development is still in process, however, enough awareness about this has been raised across US states, especially those where this fever is prevalent.People who are living in or travelling to areas where the fungus is common should take precautions, such as minimizing exposure to dust and dirt, especially during outdoor activities.