Relying solely on sunshine to meet your Vitamin D needs may not be enough—especially all year round. A recent study published in Nutrition & Metabolism, titled Vitamin D—is the sun enough for us?, has found that while sunlight helps your body produce Vitamin D, it may fall short in helping you maintain healthy levels over time. The research suggests that many people—particularly those with darker skin tones, higher body fat, or limited sun exposure—may still need supplements to meet their daily requirements.How Much Sun Is Enough?To get enough Vitamin D from sunlight, experts typically suggest spending about 5 to 30 minutes outdoors, a few times a week, between 10:30 am and 4 pm. But the study found that this general advice doesn’t work for everyone. Factors like where you live, your skin colour, time of year, and even air pollution can affect how much Vitamin D your body makes from UVB rays.For instance, people living in northern latitudes or in places with long winters may not get enough sunshine for several months. And if you spend most of your day indoors, cover your skin, or live in areas with high pollution, your Vitamin D production can be even more limited.Can Summer Sun Last You Through Winter?Not really. The researchers explain that even if you spend more time outdoors in the summer and your body makes extra Vitamin D, it doesn’t stay in your system indefinitely. Vitamin D is stored in your fat and muscle tissues, but those reserves tend to run low by the time winter hits. This means you may still become deficient in the colder months unless you get enough from food or supplements.Skin Tone and Body Fat MatterYour skin color plays a major role in how efficiently you make Vitamin D. People with darker skin have more melanin, which acts like a natural sunscreen and slows down Vitamin D production. As a result, they often need longer sun exposure to make the same amount of Vitamin D as someone with lighter skin.Body fat is another important factor. Vitamin D is fat-soluble, meaning it gets stored in fat tissue. In people with higher body fat, more Vitamin D can get trapped in fat cells and may not be easily released into the bloodstream. This can lower your blood levels even if your body has technically made enough.On the flip side, muscle mass can actually help release stored Vitamin D more efficiently, suggesting that regular physical activity may improve your Vitamin D levels.What About Sunscreen?There’s a common concern that sunscreen blocks Vitamin D production. The study addressed this too, noting that while sunscreen can reduce UVB absorption, about 15% of UV rays still reach the skin. That means you’ll still make some Vitamin D even with sunscreen on. Dermatologists continue to recommend sunscreen to protect against skin cancer, and they suggest getting your Vitamin D through diet or supplements instead of skipping sun protection.Other Sources of Vitamin DYou don’t have to rely only on sunlight. Some great sources of Vitamin D include:Fatty fish (like salmon, tuna, and mackerel)Fortified foods (milk, orange juice, plant-based milks)Egg yolks and mushroomsSupplementsVitamin D supplements are especially helpful during winter or if you’re at risk of deficiency.D2 vs. D3: Which One Should You Take?The study found that Vitamin D3 is more effective than D2. D3 stays in your body longer and raises your blood levels more consistently. D2 breaks down faster and doesn’t maintain levels as well, making D3 the preferred option for most people.How to Know If You’re DeficientThe only way to know for sure is through a blood test that measures your serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Experts recommend aiming for levels above 30 ng/mL for good health.If your levels are low, your doctor might suggest taking daily supplements—anywhere from 600 IU to 2,000 IU, or even more if you’re obese or severely deficient.