Health and Me

Ishita Roy

HIV Vaccine Research In South Africa Crumbles As U.S. Pulls Funding

Just one week before a landmark <span>HIV</span> vaccine trial was set to begin in South Africa, researchers received devastating news: the United States government was withdrawing its funding. The message—abrupt and brief—ordered a halt to all work.

The decision, made under the Trump administration, pulled $46 million in funding for a major research project called BRILLIANT, leaving scientists and healthcare professionals in one of the world’s hardest-hit regions scrambling to keep their work alive. South Africa carries one of the highest burdens of HIV globally, and the clinical trials were seen as a significant opportunity to turn the tide.

<h4>A Major Setback for Global HIV Efforts</h4>

The research project aimed to develop an HIV vaccine tailored to the region’s unique viral strains and genetic diversity, with hopes of benefiting populations worldwide. Instead, the project has ground to a halt.

According to Associated Press reporting, the funding cut was part of a larger move to reduce U.S. foreign aid, with former President Donald Trump shifting focus to domestic priorities. The Trump administration also cited unfounded claims about the persecution of South Africa's white Afrikaner minority, contributing to the decision to withdraw broader aid.

As a result, USAID and the President’s Emergency Plan for <span>AIDS</span> Relief (PEPFAR)—which had provided approximately $400 million annually to South Africa—have scaled back significantly. The consequences, experts warn, could be catastrophic not only for South Africa but for global HIV prevention.

<h4>Scientists Warn of Long-Term Damage</h4>

Dr. Glenda Gray, head of the BRILLIANT program, called the move a severe blow to scientific progress. “We do the trials better, faster and cheaper than anywhere else in the world,” she told AP. “Without South Africa as part of these programs, the world is much poorer.”

South African scientists have long played an essential role in global health research. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they were pivotal in testing vaccines like Johnson &amp; Johnson and Novavax, and their genomic surveillance identified a major variant of concern. They have also contributed to clinical trials for lenacapavir, the world’s only twice-a-year HIV prevention shot recently approved by the U.S. FDA.

At the University of the Witwatersrand, lab technician Nozipho Mlotshwa is one of many researchers whose future is uncertain. Her job, funded through a research grant, now hangs in the balance. “It’s very sad and devastating,” she said. “We’ll also miss out collaborating with other scientists across the continent.”

According to South Africa’s health department, at least 100 HIV researchers have already lost their jobs, and funding for postdoctoral students is at risk. Across the country, 8,000 health workers in the HIV program have been laid off. These include data collectors who monitored patient progress and HIV counselors who worked in remote areas.

Professor Abdullah Ely, who leads one of the vaccine development teams, said early trial data was promising, showing positive immune responses. But all progress has now stalled. “That momentum has all kind of had to come to a halt,” he said.

The South African government has warned that replacing the lost U.S. funding will be extremely difficult. An umbrella body for the country’s universities, Universities South Africa, has requested over $110 million from the national treasury to sustain vital health research—but even that may not be enough.

UNAIDS executive director Winnie Byanyima visited South Africa in June and voiced deep concern over the future of HIV care and research, not only in South Africa but across the continent. Countries like Nigeria, Zambia, Burundi, and Ivory Coast are now trying to increase their own HIV resources.

“But let’s be clear,” she said. “What they are putting down will not be funding in the same way that the American resources were funding.”

Without swift action to replace the lost support, millions of lives could be at risk. The United Nations has warned that if funding gaps aren’t filled, millions may die by 2029 from diseases that could have been prevented.

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Just one week before a landmark HIV vaccine trial was set to begin in South Africa, researchers received devastating news: the United States government was withdrawing its funding. The message—abrupt and brief—ordered a halt to all work.The decision, made under the Trump administration, pulled $46 million in funding for a major research project called BRILLIANT, leaving scientists and healthcare professionals in one of the world’s hardest-hit regions scrambling to keep their work alive. South Africa carries one of the highest burdens of HIV globally, and the clinical trials were seen as a significant opportunity to turn the tide.A Major Setback for Global HIV EffortsThe research project aimed to develop an HIV vaccine tailored to the region’s unique viral strains and genetic diversity, with hopes of benefiting populations worldwide. Instead, the project has ground to a halt.According to Associated Press reporting, the funding cut was part of a larger move to reduce U.S. foreign aid, with former President Donald Trump shifting focus to domestic priorities. The Trump administration also cited unfounded claims about the persecution of South Africa's white Afrikaner minority, contributing to the decision to withdraw broader aid.As a result, USAID and the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)—which had provided approximately $400 million annually to South Africa—have scaled back significantly. The consequences, experts warn, could be catastrophic not only for South Africa but for global HIV prevention.Scientists Warn of Long-Term DamageDr. Glenda Gray, head of the BRILLIANT program, called the move a severe blow to scientific progress. “We do the trials better, faster and cheaper than anywhere else in the world,” she told AP. “Without South Africa as part of these programs, the world is much poorer.”South African scientists have long played an essential role in global health research. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they were pivotal in testing vaccines like Johnson & Johnson and Novavax, and their genomic surveillance identified a major variant of concern. They have also contributed to clinical trials for lenacapavir, the world’s only twice-a-year HIV prevention shot recently approved by the U.S. FDA.Jobs Lost, Lives DisruptedAt the University of the Witwatersrand, lab technician Nozipho Mlotshwa is one of many researchers whose future is uncertain. Her job, funded through a research grant, now hangs in the balance. “It’s very sad and devastating,” she said. “We’ll also miss out collaborating with other scientists across the continent.”According to South Africa’s health department, at least 100 HIV researchers have already lost their jobs, and funding for postdoctoral students is at risk. Across the country, 8,000 health workers in the HIV program have been laid off. These include data collectors who monitored patient progress and HIV counselors who worked in remote areas.Looming Health CrisisProfessor Abdullah Ely, who leads one of the vaccine development teams, said early trial data was promising, showing positive immune responses. But all progress has now stalled. “That momentum has all kind of had to come to a halt,” he said.The South African government has warned that replacing the lost U.S. funding will be extremely difficult. An umbrella body for the country’s universities, Universities South Africa, has requested over $110 million from the national treasury to sustain vital health research—but even that may not be enough.A Wider Regional ImpactUNAIDS executive director Winnie Byanyima visited South Africa in June and voiced deep concern over the future of HIV care and research, not only in South Africa but across the continent. Countries like Nigeria, Zambia, Burundi, and Ivory Coast are now trying to increase their own HIV resources.“But let’s be clear,” she said. “What they are putting down will not be funding in the same way that the American resources were funding.”Without swift action to replace the lost support, millions of lives could be at risk. The United Nations has warned that if funding gaps aren’t filled, millions may die by 2029 from diseases that could have been prevented.

hiv vaccine research in south africa crumbles as u.s. pulls funding

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<span>Dementia</span>, as a subject, has been researched and explored for many years. Dementia is an umbrella term used to define <span>mental health</span> conditions that cause memory loss, changes in behavior patterns as well as affecting our ability to think. While there is still no cure for dementia, treatment for it involves dealing with the symptoms as well as early intervention. Psychologists and mental health experts have done many studies and found different lifestyle and health factors that can increase or decrease the chances of dementia. 

Research suggests that many lifestyle choices can increase your chances of developing dementia before age 65, a condition often called young-onset or early-onset dementia. 

A study published in JAMA Neurology pointed to 15 key risk factors, many of which can be changed or prevented. Others, like having a lower income or inheriting specific genes (APOE4), are much harder or impossible to change. 

The study looked at health information from over 350,000 people under 65 in the UK Biobank database. By examining everything from genes to environmental influences, researchers were able to identify factors that raise the risk of early dementia. 

Experts say that these risk factors can harm the brain by causing inflammation and creating harmful chemicals. They also mess with how the brain uses sugar for energy, which is key for brain cells to work right. It's believed that dementia, especially Alzheimer's, happens when the brain can't use energy properly. 

<h2>Key Risk Factors for Early-Onset Dementia </h2>

Out of many factors studied, researchers found 15 main ones that greatly increase the risk of early-onset dementia: 

<ol><li>Less schooling</li><li>Lower income or social standing</li><li>Having two copies of a specific gene (called APOE4)</li><li>Alcohol use disorder</li><li>Feeling alone (social isolation)</li><li>Lack of Vitamin D</li><li>High levels of inflammation in the body</li><li>Weaker handgrip strength</li><li>Not drinking alcohol (this was also listed, suggesting other health reasons might be at play here)</li><li>Hearing loss</li><li>Diabetes</li><li>Heart disease</li><li>Depression</li><li>Blood pressure drops when standing up (orthostatic hypotension)</li><li>Stroke</li></ol>

<h2>Connection Between the Risk Factors </h2>

Researchers note that the same health issues affecting the brains of younger people are also linked to dementia in older people. This might be because we're seeing more young people develop problems like diabetes, which really harm the brain, making early dementia more common. These risk factors are also connected to each other. 

For example, someone with alcohol use disorder might also have poor eating habits, vitamin shortages, weak muscles, and depression. They could also have other health problems like high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a higher chance of stroke. These problems can create a cycle: depression might lead to feeling isolated, which could then lead to drinking more as a way to cope, and this can ultimately cause long-term health issues. 

<h2>Steps to Lower Your Risk for Early-Onset Dementia </h2>

Health organizations suggest that almost 40% of all dementias like Alzheimer's could potentially be prevented or delayed by making healthy lifestyle changes and avoiding chronic diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. 

Experts recommend regular physical activity to help prevent dementia. This simply means sitting less and moving your body more. Being active every day offers many benefits for your brain. It helps create new brain cells and connections, grows new blood vessels, and improves your mood. It is also suggested that eating a Mediterranean-style diet and actively doing things that challenge your mind, boost your mood, and connect you with others. 

Mind challenges can be learning new things (like a language or a musical instrument), going to classes, or simply always being curious and learning throughout your life. 

Mood boosters include practicing stress-reducing activities like mindfulness or yoga. Social connections are also vital for overall mental and physical health. It's important to spend quality time with others, especially now. 

Additionally, it's advised to keep your blood sugar well-controlled, even if you don't have diabetes, and get enough good, restful sleep. Our lifestyle choices greatly impact our brain's future. It's important to remember that changes leading to dementia, whether it starts early or later, can begin as much as 30 years before any memory or thinking problems are first noticed. 

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Early Onset Dementia

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Dementia, as a subject, has been researched and explored for many years. Dementia is an umbrella term used to define mental health conditions that cause memory loss, changes in behavior patterns as well as affecting our ability to think. While there is still no cure for dementia, treatment for it involves dealing with the symptoms as well as early intervention. Psychologists and mental health experts have done many studies and found different lifestyle and health factors that can increase or decrease the chances of dementia. Research suggests that many lifestyle choices can increase your chances of developing dementia before age 65, a condition often called young-onset or early-onset dementia. A study published in JAMA Neurology pointed to 15 key risk factors, many of which can be changed or prevented. Others, like having a lower income or inheriting specific genes (APOE4), are much harder or impossible to change. The study looked at health information from over 350,000 people under 65 in the UK Biobank database. By examining everything from genes to environmental influences, researchers were able to identify factors that raise the risk of early dementia. Experts say that these risk factors can harm the brain by causing inflammation and creating harmful chemicals. They also mess with how the brain uses sugar for energy, which is key for brain cells to work right. It's believed that dementia, especially Alzheimer's, happens when the brain can't use energy properly. Key Risk Factors for Early-Onset Dementia Out of many factors studied, researchers found 15 main ones that greatly increase the risk of early-onset dementia: Less schoolingLower income or social standingHaving two copies of a specific gene (called APOE4)Alcohol use disorderFeeling alone (social isolation)Lack of Vitamin DHigh levels of inflammation in the bodyWeaker handgrip strengthNot drinking alcohol (this was also listed, suggesting other health reasons might be at play here)Hearing lossDiabetesHeart diseaseDepressionBlood pressure drops when standing up (orthostatic hypotension)StrokeConnection Between the Risk Factors Researchers note that the same health issues affecting the brains of younger people are also linked to dementia in older people. This might be because we're seeing more young people develop problems like diabetes, which really harm the brain, making early dementia more common. These risk factors are also connected to each other. For example, someone with alcohol use disorder might also have poor eating habits, vitamin shortages, weak muscles, and depression. They could also have other health problems like high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and a higher chance of stroke. These problems can create a cycle: depression might lead to feeling isolated, which could then lead to drinking more as a way to cope, and this can ultimately cause long-term health issues. Steps to Lower Your Risk for Early-Onset Dementia Health organizations suggest that almost 40% of all dementias like Alzheimer's could potentially be prevented or delayed by making healthy lifestyle changes and avoiding chronic diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. Experts recommend regular physical activity to help prevent dementia. This simply means sitting less and moving your body more. Being active every day offers many benefits for your brain. It helps create new brain cells and connections, grows new blood vessels, and improves your mood. It is also suggested that eating a Mediterranean-style diet and actively doing things that challenge your mind, boost your mood, and connect you with others. Mind challenges can be learning new things (like a language or a musical instrument), going to classes, or simply always being curious and learning throughout your life. Mood boosters include practicing stress-reducing activities like mindfulness or yoga. Social connections are also vital for overall mental and physical health. It's important to spend quality time with others, especially now. Additionally, it's advised to keep your blood sugar well-controlled, even if you don't have diabetes, and get enough good, restful sleep. Our lifestyle choices greatly impact our brain's future. It's important to remember that changes leading to dementia, whether it starts early or later, can begin as much as 30 years before any memory or thinking problems are first noticed. 

dementia risk has been associated with these 15 lifestyle and health risks

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Over the past several years, healthcare professionals and scientists have made great strides in the medical field. Not only have they found better ways to treat the patients, but they have also found treatment options for diseases and conditions that were long though incurable. For a long time, we believed <span>cancer</span> had no treatment, however through research, we now know how to deal with these. 

This amazing progress is mostly thanks to new ways we've learned to prevent cancer, better tools to find it early, and more effective treatments. A huge part of developing these new ideas comes from <span>clinical trials</span>. These trials are carefully planned experiments that test if new treatments or ways to fight cancer actually work and are safe. Even though they're super important, not enough people are joining them. 

<h2>Who Participates The Most In These Clinical Trials? </h2>

Even though clinical trials are so important for finding new cancer cures, only a small number of adult cancer patients – about 2% to 5% – actually take part in them. What's even more concerning is that certain groups, especially Black and Native Americans, are often left out. 

A recent study published in the <span>Patient Education</span> and Counseling journal looked into this and found that very few cancer survivors – just 15% – had ever talked to their doctors about clinical trials. The study also showed that Hispanic-American and Asian-American patients often knew less about how these trials work. This tells us there's a big gap in how much people know and whether they're even offered the chance to participate.

<h2>How Many People Are Aware of Clinical Trials </h2>

Since <span>cancer clinical trials</span> are so important, the new study wanted to find out how much people really knew about them. They looked at information from 1,201 adult cancer survivors who answered a survey in 2021. The results showed that 78% of them felt they knew at least "a little" about clinical trials. 

However, the surprising part was that only 178 of these survivors (or 15%) had actually talked about trials with their doctors. The study found that if someone did talk to their doctor about clinical trials, they were almost nine times more likely to feel knowledgeable about them. This highlights how important that conversation with a healthcare provider can be. Researchers found that, 

<ul><li>People with more advanced cancers were much more likely (over 3.6 times) to have discussed trials with their doctors compared to those with early-stage cancers.</li><li>Patients with more education, better healthcare, and more financial stability generally knew more about clinical trials.</li><li>Sadly, Hispanic and Asian cancer survivors, as well as those who didn't go to college, knew less about clinical trials.</li></ul>

Having many different kinds of people in trials is crucial. It means that cutting-edge treatments are available to everyone, no matter their race, education, or income. It also helps doctors be sure that new treatments work well for all different kinds of people. 

<h2>Clinical Trials and Their Benefits </h2>

Clinical trials are organized studies that test new approaches to treat, prevent, detect, or manage a disease like cancer. Think of them as very specific research projects. For example, a trial might focus only on a new medicine for a certain type of stage 3 breast cancer. 

Experts explain that joining a trial gives the patient an opportunity to try something new, which may end up being more useful to them. Even if someone is in the group that doesn't get the new drug, they still often get more careful medical attention than they might otherwise. This is because trials are so well-organized and carefully watched. 

Because of successful clinical trials, more than 120 new cancer medicines were approved between 2003 and 2021. This shows just how vital these studies are for bringing new hope to patients. 

If you're curious about clinical trials, experts suggest you talk to your doctor. Ask them if there are any trials happening at their hospital or a nearby one that might be right for you. If your doctor hasn’t asked, don’t be afraid to bring it up. Healthcare professionals are strong advocates for people standing up and speaking for their care. 

clinical trials

patient education

Cancer Clinical Trials

Cancer

Cancer treatment

how educated are cancer patients

cancer risk

cancer prevention

Over the past several years, healthcare professionals and scientists have made great strides in the medical field. Not only have they found better ways to treat the patients, but they have also found treatment options for diseases and conditions that were long though incurable. For a long time, we believed cancer had no treatment, however through research, we now know how to deal with these. This amazing progress is mostly thanks to new ways we've learned to prevent cancer, better tools to find it early, and more effective treatments. A huge part of developing these new ideas comes from clinical trials. These trials are carefully planned experiments that test if new treatments or ways to fight cancer actually work and are safe. Even though they're super important, not enough people are joining them. Who Participates The Most In These Clinical Trials? Even though clinical trials are so important for finding new cancer cures, only a small number of adult cancer patients – about 2% to 5% – actually take part in them. What's even more concerning is that certain groups, especially Black and Native Americans, are often left out. A recent study published in the Patient Education and Counseling journal looked into this and found that very few cancer survivors – just 15% – had ever talked to their doctors about clinical trials. The study also showed that Hispanic-American and Asian-American patients often knew less about how these trials work. This tells us there's a big gap in how much people know and whether they're even offered the chance to participate. How Many People Are Aware of Clinical Trials Since cancer clinical trials are so important, the new study wanted to find out how much people really knew about them. They looked at information from 1,201 adult cancer survivors who answered a survey in 2021. The results showed that 78% of them felt they knew at least "a little" about clinical trials. However, the surprising part was that only 178 of these survivors (or 15%) had actually talked about trials with their doctors. The study found that if someone did talk to their doctor about clinical trials, they were almost nine times more likely to feel knowledgeable about them. This highlights how important that conversation with a healthcare provider can be. Researchers found that, People with more advanced cancers were much more likely (over 3.6 times) to have discussed trials with their doctors compared to those with early-stage cancers.Patients with more education, better healthcare, and more financial stability generally knew more about clinical trials.Sadly, Hispanic and Asian cancer survivors, as well as those who didn't go to college, knew less about clinical trials.Having many different kinds of people in trials is crucial. It means that cutting-edge treatments are available to everyone, no matter their race, education, or income. It also helps doctors be sure that new treatments work well for all different kinds of people. Clinical Trials and Their Benefits Clinical trials are organized studies that test new approaches to treat, prevent, detect, or manage a disease like cancer. Think of them as very specific research projects. For example, a trial might focus only on a new medicine for a certain type of stage 3 breast cancer. Experts explain that joining a trial gives the patient an opportunity to try something new, which may end up being more useful to them. Even if someone is in the group that doesn't get the new drug, they still often get more careful medical attention than they might otherwise. This is because trials are so well-organized and carefully watched. Because of successful clinical trials, more than 120 new cancer medicines were approved between 2003 and 2021. This shows just how vital these studies are for bringing new hope to patients. If you're curious about clinical trials, experts suggest you talk to your doctor. Ask them if there are any trials happening at their hospital or a nearby one that might be right for you. If your doctor hasn’t asked, don’t be afraid to bring it up. Healthcare professionals are strong advocates for people standing up and speaking for their care. 

cancer clinical trials face low participation - why are more people not encouraged to try?

Why Wimbledon Winner Jannik Sinner Was Banned: The Clostebol Drug Test Controversy Explained

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<strong>Jannik Sinner Drug Case:</strong> Jannik Sinner, who is currently the number one-ranked player in the world, faced Carlos Alcaraz, currently number two, in the Wimbledon men's singles final on July 13.

Sinner is a three-time Grand Slam winner and has recently won his first major tournament after returning from a 3-month doping ban earlier this year.

Sinner, Italian world No.1, failed two drug tests in 2024, which then came with a suspension from all tennis competitions from February 9 2025, to May 4, 2025, following an agreement with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

He twice tested positive for clostebol, a steroid that is used to build muscles. As per the National Library of Medicine, clostebol is a drug that is a steroid that can be used to build muscles. A positive test can be because the drug was “voluntarily used to enhance performance or a direct consequence of a contamination,” it states.

However, Sinner claimed that he had been "contaminated by a healing spray purchased by his physio, Umberto Ferrara". The Times reported that his physiotherapist "used the spray on a cut on his hand and then subsequently gave Sinner a massage on his back and applied treatments to his feet."

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While he has secured his first Wimbledon title on Sunday, the doping controversy may put him in a pickle. WADA had earlier announced that it would appeal to the "no fault or negligence" decision; however, the appeal was never heard.

<h2>Detection of Clostebol In Sports</h2>

WADA notes that clostebol is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS), which is a derivative form testosterone and is approved for topical use in dermatological and ophthalmological preparations. In cases, it has also been permitted for its oral use.

Due to its anabolic properties, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in the past and WADA have included clostebol and the other AAS in the yearly renewed list of prohibited substances in sports.

The detection of this drug, notes WADA, is mainly based on the detection of its main metabolite, that is 4-chloro-4-androsten-3a-ol-17-one, which could be excreted into urine. Antidoping laboratories have also developed methods based on gas chromatography to improve detection capabilities, which can detect drugs even at lower limits.

While metabolite levels like M1, M2, M3, M4 show the amount of drug found in an individual's report, WADA also mentions that accidental contamination is also possible for an individual after getting into close contact with another individual using transdermal clostebol acetate. For WADA, it notes, "we propose M2, M3 and M4 as the best targets worth being synthetized and characterized for this purpose."

<h2>Clostebol: Availability, Health Risks, and Contamination Cases</h2>

A 2024 study titled Clostebol and sport: about controversies involving contamination vs. doping offence, notes that clostebol is easily available a an OTC or over-the-counter product in pharmacies or drugstores in several countries. It is commercialized as a cream or spray in the form of acetate ester. This is also the explanation Sinner had used when his reports were found positive.

The study notes that even controlled transdermal application of clostebol acetate has been reported to produce detectable amounts of its metabolites in urine, even after a single exposure.

Also Read:<a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/why-stopping-antidepressants-can-be-harder-heres-how-withdrawal-could-last-longer-than-you-think-article-152260323" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank"> Why Stopping Antidepressants Can Be Harder, Here's How Withdrawal Could Last Longer Than You Think</a>

A 2004 study published in Oxford Academic, titled Incidental Closetbol Contamination in Athletes after Sexual Intercourse also proves that intimate contact can lead to detectable levels of closetbol in the urine. The study notes, "One male athlete whose urine tested positive for traces of clostebol metabolites claimed that he was contaminated as a result of sexual intercourse with a woman taking a medication containing clostebol. The IOC did not exonerate him from the results reported by LABDOP. The remaining athletes maintained that the presence of clostebol metabolites in their urine was the result of using clostebol-containing medications."

The study notes that closetbol acetate is also present in medicines for gynecologic treatments. However, the study notes a case in Brazil, whereas in the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve of the use of medicines that contain anabolic agents.

The main risks are those of excessive androgens: menstrual irregularities and virilization in women and impotence, premature cardiovascular disease and prostatic hypertrophy in men. Both men and women can suffer liver damage with oral anabolic steroids, notes World Health Organization's Internationally Peer Reviewed Chemical Safety Information (INCHEM).

Acute overdosage can produce nausea and gastrointestinal upset. INCHEM further notes that chronic usage is thought to cause an increase in muscle bulk, and can cause an exaggeration of male characteristics and effects related to male hormones.

Anabolic steroids can influence sexual function. They can also cause cardiovascular and hepatic damage. Acne and male-pattern baldness occur in both sexes; irregular menses, atrophy of the breasts, and clitoromegaly in women; and testicular atrophy and prostatic hypertrophy in men. 

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jannik sinner drug testing

Jannik Sinner Drug Case: Jannik Sinner, who is currently the number one-ranked player in the world, faced Carlos Alcaraz, currently number two, in the Wimbledon men's singles final on July 13.Sinner is a three-time Grand Slam winner and has recently won his first major tournament after returning from a 3-month doping ban earlier this year.What Happened At The Dope Test?Sinner, Italian world No.1, failed two drug tests in 2024, which then came with a suspension from all tennis competitions from February 9 2025, to May 4, 2025, following an agreement with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).He twice tested positive for clostebol, a steroid that is used to build muscles. As per the National Library of Medicine, clostebol is a drug that is a steroid that can be used to build muscles. A positive test can be because the drug was “voluntarily used to enhance performance or a direct consequence of a contamination,” it states.However, Sinner claimed that he had been "contaminated by a healing spray purchased by his physio, Umberto Ferrara". The Times reported that his physiotherapist "used the spray on a cut on his hand and then subsequently gave Sinner a massage on his back and applied treatments to his feet."Also Read: Ozempic Users Say Sex Feels ‘Repulsive’ Now— What Is The New Side Effect Of Weight Loss Drug?While he has secured his first Wimbledon title on Sunday, the doping controversy may put him in a pickle. WADA had earlier announced that it would appeal to the "no fault or negligence" decision; however, the appeal was never heard.Detection of Clostebol In SportsWADA notes that clostebol is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS), which is a derivative form testosterone and is approved for topical use in dermatological and ophthalmological preparations. In cases, it has also been permitted for its oral use.Due to its anabolic properties, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in the past and WADA have included clostebol and the other AAS in the yearly renewed list of prohibited substances in sports.The detection of this drug, notes WADA, is mainly based on the detection of its main metabolite, that is 4-chloro-4-androsten-3a-ol-17-one, which could be excreted into urine. Antidoping laboratories have also developed methods based on gas chromatography to improve detection capabilities, which can detect drugs even at lower limits.While metabolite levels like M1, M2, M3, M4 show the amount of drug found in an individual's report, WADA also mentions that accidental contamination is also possible for an individual after getting into close contact with another individual using transdermal clostebol acetate. For WADA, it notes, "we propose M2, M3 and M4 as the best targets worth being synthetized and characterized for this purpose."Clostebol: Availability, Health Risks, and Contamination CasesA 2024 study titled Clostebol and sport: about controversies involving contamination vs. doping offence, notes that clostebol is easily available a an OTC or over-the-counter product in pharmacies or drugstores in several countries. It is commercialized as a cream or spray in the form of acetate ester. This is also the explanation Sinner had used when his reports were found positive.The study notes that even controlled transdermal application of clostebol acetate has been reported to produce detectable amounts of its metabolites in urine, even after a single exposure.Also Read: Why Stopping Antidepressants Can Be Harder, Here's How Withdrawal Could Last Longer Than You ThinkA 2004 study published in Oxford Academic, titled Incidental Closetbol Contamination in Athletes after Sexual Intercourse also proves that intimate contact can lead to detectable levels of closetbol in the urine. The study notes, "One male athlete whose urine tested positive for traces of clostebol metabolites claimed that he was contaminated as a result of sexual intercourse with a woman taking a medication containing clostebol. The IOC did not exonerate him from the results reported by LABDOP. The remaining athletes maintained that the presence of clostebol metabolites in their urine was the result of using clostebol-containing medications."The study notes that closetbol acetate is also present in medicines for gynecologic treatments. However, the study notes a case in Brazil, whereas in the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve of the use of medicines that contain anabolic agents.The main risks are those of excessive androgens: menstrual irregularities and virilization in women and impotence, premature cardiovascular disease and prostatic hypertrophy in men. Both men and women can suffer liver damage with oral anabolic steroids, notes World Health Organization's Internationally Peer Reviewed Chemical Safety Information (INCHEM).Acute overdosage can produce nausea and gastrointestinal upset. INCHEM further notes that chronic usage is thought to cause an increase in muscle bulk, and can cause an exaggeration of male characteristics and effects related to male hormones.Anabolic steroids can influence sexual function. They can also cause cardiovascular and hepatic damage. Acne and male-pattern baldness occur in both sexes; irregular menses, atrophy of the breasts, and clitoromegaly in women; and testicular atrophy and prostatic hypertrophy in men. 

Jannik Sinner Drug Suspension: Why Wimbledon Winner Was Banned – The Clostebol Drug Test Controversy Explained

why wimbledon winner jannik sinner was banned: the clostebol drug test controversy explained

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