An Australian man in his 50s has died after contracting Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), a rare but deadly virus closely related to rabies. The man, who lived in northern New South Wales, was bitten by a bat several months ago and succumbed to the infection this week after being hospitaliszed in critical condition.In a statement released on Thursday, NSW Health confirmed the fatality and extended condolences: “We express our sincere condolences to the man's family and friends for their tragic loss. While it is extremely rare to see a case of Australian bat lyssavirus, there is no effective treatment for it.”What Is Australian Bat Lyssavirus?First identified in 1996, Australian bat lyssavirus belongs to the Lyssavirus genus, the same family as the classical rabies virus (RABV). Like its more globally prevalent cousin, ABLV causes a fatal form of viral encephalomyelitis—an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Once symptoms develop, there is no known cure or treatment.Transmission occurs when the saliva of an infected bat enters the body through a bite or scratch. According to NSW Health, any bat in Australia—regardless of species—could potentially carry the virus. In this case, officials have not yet identified the exact bat species responsible for the infection.Early Symptoms Often MisleadingThe early symptoms of ABLV infection mimic those of the flu, including headache, fever, and fatigue, which can delay diagnosis. However, the disease rapidly progresses to paralysis, delirium, convulsions, and ultimately death.Symptoms may appear days, weeks, or even years after exposure, adding another layer of complexity to diagnosis and response.This recent death is only the fourth recorded human case of ABLV infection in Australia, and tragically, all four have been fatal.A Preventable TragedyWhile the disease has no cure, prompt medical treatment after exposure can prevent infection. NSW Health strongly urges the public to avoid all contact with bats. In the event of a bite or scratch, the following steps should be taken immediately:Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutesApply an antiseptic with antiviral actionSeek urgent medical attention for administration of rabies immunoglobulin and a rabies vaccine seriesDr. Jeremy McAnulty, Director of Health Protection at NSW Health, emphasized the importance of public awareness: “No matter how minor the scratch or bite may seem, immediate treatment is essential. Rabies vaccines are extremely effective when administered quickly.”The Broader Context: Lyssaviruses and Rabies RiskAustralian bat lyssavirus may be rare, but its relation to rabies—one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally—makes it especially concerning.According to a 2021 study titled "Rabies Infection: An Overview of Lyssavirus-Host Protein Interactions," lyssaviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses known to infect mammals and cause fatal encephalomyelitis. Despite differences in geography and host species, illnesses caused by rabies virus (RABV) and other lyssaviruses are virtually indistinguishable once symptoms appear.Worldwide, rabies still causes approximately 60,000 deaths annually, mostly in Asia and Africa. The fatality rate of clinical rabies—once symptoms begin—is nearly 100%, underscoring the importance of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.Flying Foxes and Microbats Under ScrutinyABLV has been found in multiple Australian bat species, particularly flying foxes and insect-eating microbats. These animals often come into contact with humans, especially in urban or suburban environments where bats may roost or forage.Despite the important ecological role bats play—as pollinators, pest controllers, and seed dispersers—public health officials continue to stress no direct handling of bats by untrained individuals. Wildlife carers and veterinarians are advised to wear protective gear and be vaccinated against rabies.Public Health Measures Going ForwardThis latest case serves as a stark reminder of the persistent, though rare, risk that Australian bat lyssavirus poses to human health. NSW Health is reinforcing education campaigns and urging any bat encounters to be reported immediately.Authorities continue to collaborate with wildlife and disease surveillance networks to monitor ABLV across bat populations and ensure rapid response to potential exposures.In closing, NSW Health reiterated, “Although Australian bat lyssavirus cases are extremely rare, they are always fatal without timely treatment. Awareness and early action can mean the difference between life and death.”